Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease

  • Published:
Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This review presents data from recent studies throughout the world on anxious-depressive disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD); their features and epidemiology are presented, along with details of pathogenesis, clinical properties, and contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Depression is encountered in an average of 40–50% of patients with PD and anxiety in 17–43%. Only one medication –pramipexole (a dopamine receptor agonist) – is recommended for the treatment of depression. Two more, nortriptyline and desipramine, which are tricyclic antidepressants, are “probably” effective. There are as yet no clear recommendations for the treatment of anxiety. Overall, methods for the treatment of anxious/depressive disorder in PD have received insufficient study, suggesting the need for future large-scale studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Antonini, P. Barone, R. Marconi, et al., “The progression of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and their contribution to motor disability and quality of life,” J. Neurol., 259, No. 12, 2621–31 (2012), doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6557-8.

  2. S. E. Starkstein, M. Merello, R. Jorge, et al., “A validation study of depressive syndromes in Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 23, No. 4, 538–546 (2008), doi.org/10.1002/mds.21866.

  3. V. Tumas, G. G. Rodrigues, T. L. Farias, and J. A. Crippa, “The accuracy of diagnosis of major depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a comparative study among the UPDRS, the geriatric depression scale and the Beck depression inventory,” Arq. Neuropsiquiatr., 66, No. 2A, 152–156 (2008), doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2008000200002.

  4. M. Oguru, H. Tachibana, K. Toda, et al., “Apathy and depression in Parkinson disease,” J. Geriatr. Psych. Neurol., 23, No. 1, 35–41 (2010), doi.org/10.1177/0891988709351834.

  5. J. S. Reijnders, U. Ehrt, W. E. Weber, et al., “A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 23, No. 2, 183–189 (2008), doi.org/10.1002/mds.21803.

  6. A. F. Leentjens, J. Marinus, J. J. Van Hilten, et al., “The contribution of somatic symptoms to the diagnosis of depressive disorder in Parkinson’s disease: a discriminant analytic approach,” J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 15, No. 1, 74–77 (2003), doi.org/10.1176/jnp.15.1.74.

  7. C. C. Shen, S. J. Tsai, C. L. Perng, et al., “Risk of Parkinson disease after depression: a nationwide population-based study,” Neurology, 81, No. 17, 1538–1544 (2013), doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a956ad.

  8. V. Peve and F. Malknekht, “Nonmotor manifestations of the prodromal stage of Parkinson’s disease,” in: Parkinson’s Disease and Motor Disorders, Moscow (2014).

  9. D. Weintraub, P. J. Moberg, W. C. Culbertson, et al., “Evidence for both impaired encoding and retrieval memory profiles in Parkinson’s disease,” Cogn. Behav. Neurol., 17, 195–200 (2004), doi.org/10.1177/1073191103258590.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. J. C. Gómez-Esteban, B. Tijero, J. Somme R. Ciordia, et al., “Impact of psychiatric symptoms and sleep disorders on the quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease,” J. Neurol., 258, No. 3, 494–499 (2011), doi.org/10.1007/s00415-010-5786-y.

  11. A. Storch, C. B. Schneider, M. Wolz, et al., “Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson disease: severity and correlation with motor complications,” Neurology, 80, 800–809 (2013), doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e318285c0ed.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Alonso, L. A. G. Rodriguez, G. Logroscino, and M. A. Hernan, “Use of antidepressants and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a prospective study,” J Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 80, 671–675 (2009), doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.152983.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. J. Chen and L. Marsh, “Depression in Parkinson’s disease: identification and management,” Pharmacotherapy, 33, No. 9, 972–983 (2013), doi.org/10.1002/phar.1314.

  14. A. V. Shatova, Impairments to Cognitive Functions in Parkinson’s Disease, Moscow (2009).

  15. S. E. Starkstein, M. Merello, R. Jorge, et al., “A validation study of depressive syndromes in Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 23, No. 4, 538–546 (2008), doi.org/10.1002/mds.21866.

  16. L. Marsh, W. M. McDonald, J. Cummings, and B. Ravina, NINDS/NIMH Work Group on Depression and Parkinson’s Disease. “Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression in Parkinson’s disease: Report of an NINDS/NIMH Work Group,” Mov. Disord., 21, No. 2, 148–158 (2006), doi.org/10.1002/mds.20723.

  17. T. S. Ehmann, R. J. Beninger, M. J. Gawel, and R. J. Riopelle, “Depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a comparison with disabled control subjects,” J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol., No. 3, 3–9 (1990), doi.org/10.1177/089198879000300102.

  18. K. J. Erdal, “Depressive symptom patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease and other older adults,” J. Clin. Psychol., 57, No. 12, 1559–1569 (2001), doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1118.

  19. O. S. Levin, “Parkinson’s disease as a neuropsychological disease,” Nevrol./Revmatol., No. 2, 18–22 (2011).

  20. G. N. Akhmadeeva and R. V. Magzhanov, “Anxious-depressive diroders in patients with Parkinson’s disease in the Republic of Bash kortostan,” Ural. Med. Zh., No. 2, 44–48 (2015).

  21. U. Ehrt, K. Bronnick, A. F. Leentjens, et al., “Depressive symptom profile in Parkinson’s disease: a comparison with depression in elderly patients without Parkinson’s disease,” Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 21, No. 3, 252–258 (2006), doi.org/10.1002/gps.1456.

  22. A. Lieberman, “Depression in Parkinson’s disease – a review,” Acta Neurol. Scand., 113, No. 1, 1–8 (2006), doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00536.x.

  23. A. F. G. Leentjens, “Depression in Parkinson’s disease: conceptual issues and clinical challenges,” J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol., 17, 120–126 (2004), doi.org/10.1177/0891988704267456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. F. F. Assogna, S. Fagioli, L. Cravello, et al., “Depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and in non-neurological medical illnesses,” Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., No. 9, 389–396 (2013), doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s40013.

  25. S. Nazem, A. D. Siderowf, J. E. Duda, et al., “Suicidal and death ideation in Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 10, 1573–1579 (2008), doi.org/10.1002/mds.22130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. S. E. Starkstein, T. J. Preziosi, P. L. Bolduc, and R. G. Robinson, “Depression in Parkinson’s disease,” J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 178, 27–31, (1990), doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199001000-00005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. B. Ravina, R. Camicioli, P. G. Como, et al., “The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease,” Neurology, 69, 342–347 (2007), doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000268695.63392.10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M. R. Nodel’ and N. N. Yakhno, Heterogeneity in Neuropsychological Impairments in Parkinson’s Disease and Motor Disorders, Moscow (2014).

  29. G. N. Akhmadeeva, G. N. Tayupova, A. R. Baitimerov, et al., “Studies of possible risk factors for the occurrence of anxious-depressive disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease in the Republic of Bashkortostan,” Kazan. Nevrol. Vestn. im. Bekhtereva, No. 1, 27–31 (2015).

  30. A. Rojo, M. Aguilar, M. T. Garolera, et al., “Depression in Parkinson’s disease: clinical correlates and outcome,” Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 10, No. 1, 23–28, (2003), doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(03) 00067-1.

  31. S. A. Cole, J. L. Woodard, J. L. Juncos, et al., “Depression and disability in Parkinson’s disease,” J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., No. 8, 20–25, (1996), doi.org/10.1176/jnp.8.1.20.

  32. S. E. Starkstein, G. Petracca, E. Chemerinski, et al., “Depression in classic versus akinetic-rigid Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 13, 29–33 (1998), doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. D. Aarsland, J. P. Larsen, J. L. Cummings, and K. Laake, “Prevalence and clinical correlates of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson disease: a community-based study,” Arch. Neurol., 56, 595–601 (1999), doi. org/10.1001/archneur.56.5.595.

  34. P. Barone, A. Antonini, C. Colosimo, et al., “The Priamo study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 24, No. 11, 1641–1649 (2009), doi.org/10.1002/mds.22643.

  35. S. Happe, P. Ludemann, and K. Berger, “FAQT study investigators. The association between disease severity and sleep-related problems in patients with Parkinson’s disease,” Neuropsychobiology, 46, No. 2, 90–96, (2002), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000065418.

  36. A. Schrag, P. Barone, R. G. Brown, et al., “Depression rating scales in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations,” Mov. Disord., 22, 1077–1092 (2007), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21333.

  37. D. Weintraub, P. J. Moberg, J. E. Duda, et al., “Recognition and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease,” J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol., 16, 178–183, (2003), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988703256053.

  38. I. Richard and R. Kurlan, “The under-recognition of depression in Parkinson’s disease,” Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2, No. 3, 349–353 (2006), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/nedt.2006.2.3.349.

  39. L. M. Shulman, R. L. Taback, A. A. Rabinstein, and W. J. Weiner, “Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease,” Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 8, No. 3, 193–197 (2002), doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(01)00015-3.

  40. K. Seppi, D. Weintraub, M. Coelho, et al., “The movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 26, 42–80 (2011), doi.https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. I. Rektorová, I. Rektor, M. Bares, et al., “Cognitive performance in people with Parkinson’s disease and mild or moderate depression: effects of dopamine agonists in an add-on to L-dopa therapy,” Eur. J. Neurol., 12, No. 1, 9–15 (2005), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00966.x.

  42. P. Barone, W. Poewe, S. Albrecht, et al., “Pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial,” Lancet Neurol., 9, No. 6, 573–580 (2010), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70106-x.

  43. M. Menza, R. D. Dobkin, H. Marin, et al., “A controlled trial of antidepressants in patients with Parkinson disease and depression,” Neurology, 72, No. 10, 886–892 (2009), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000336340.89821.b3.

  44. D. Devos, K. Dujardin, I. Poirot, et al., “Comparison of desipramine and citalopram treatments for depression in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study,” Mov. Disord., 23, No. 6, 850–857 (2008), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21966.

  45. L. Kirsch-Darrow, H. F. Fernandez, M. Marsiske, et al., “Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, 67, 33–38 (2006), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000230572.07791.22.

  46. A. Kummer, F. Cardoso, and A. L. Teixeira, “Frequency of social phobia and psychometric properties of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale in Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 23, 1739–1743 (2008), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22221.

  47. N. N. W. Dissanayaka, A. Sellbach, S. Matheson, et al., “Anxiety disorders in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence and risk factors,” Mov. Disord., 25, 838–845 (2010), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22833.

  48. A. F. Leentjens, K. Dujardin, L. Marsh, et al., “Symptomatology and markers of anxiety disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional study,” Mov. Disord., 26, No. 3, 484–492 (2011), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23528.

  49. M. A. Menza, D. E. Robertson-Hoffman, and A. S. Bonapace, “Parkinson’s disease and anxiety: comorbidity with depression,” Biol. Psychiatry, 34, 465–470 (1993), doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90237-8.

  50. M. Shiba, J. H. Bower, D. M. Maraganore, et al., “Anxiety disorders and depressive disorders preceding Parkinson’s Disease: a case-control study,” Mov. Disord., 15, 669–677 (2000), doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(200007)15:4<669::aid-mds1011>3.0.co.2-5.

  51. C. Ardouin, E. Lhomme, and S. Thobois, “Piribedil improves apathy, depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord., 24, Suppl. 1, 233 (2009).

  52. I. V. Litvinenko, M. M. Odinak, A. V. Shatova, and O. S. Sologub, “The structure of cognitive impairments at different stage of Parkinson’s disease,” Vestn. Ros. Voen.-Med. Akad., No. 3, 21–29 (2007).

  53. N. V. Fedorova and A. V. Miretskaya, “Affective disorders in Parkinson’s disease” Psikhichesk. Rasstr. Obshch. Med., No. 2, 36–39 (2009).

  54. K. Ray Chaudhury, J. M. Rojo, A. H. V. Schapira, et al., “A proposal for a comprehensive grading of Parkinson’s disease severity combining motor and non-motor assessments: meeting an unmet need,” PLoS One, 8, 57221 (2013), doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057221.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kuvatov Republican Clinical Hospital, Ufa, Russia

    G. N. Akhmadeeva & G. N. Tayupova

  2. Department of Neurology with Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Bashkir State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Ufa, Russia

    R. V. Magzhanov

  3. Medstantart Republican Consultative-Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinotherapy, Ufa, Russia

    G. N. Akhmadeeva, G. N. Tayupova & A. R. Baitimerov

  4. Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center, Ufa, Russia

    G. N. Akhmadeeva & I. M. Khidiyatova

Authors
  1. G. N. Akhmadeeva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. V. Magzhanov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. N. Tayupova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. R. Baitimerov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. I. M. Khidiyatova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. N. Akhmadeeva.

Additional information

Translated from Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova, Vol. 117. No. 1, Iss. 2, For the Practicing Doctor, pp. 54–58, January, 2017.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akhmadeeva, G.N., Magzhanov, R.V., Tayupova, G.N. et al. Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurosci Behav Physi 48, 636–640 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-018-0609-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-018-0609-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation