Abstract
There are many spectral bands of different wavelengths present in Hyperspectral Image containing a huge amount of information that helps to detect and identify various objects. Many challenges are faced at the time of analyzing a hyperspectral image like information loss, hindrances posed by redundant information lingering on input data and the presence of high dimensions, etc. In this paper, we proposed a Resnet ConvLSTM model which is composed of a 2D Convolution Neural Network together with Batch Normalization and it helps to minimize the computational complexity and to extract features from Hyperspectral Image. At the same time, we added skip connections to eliminate the vanishing gradient problem, being followed by the Long Short Term Memory layer to remove redundant information from an input image. We implemented our model on three different types of hyperspectral data sets and also on three different types of time series data sets. Our model produced better accuracy than others’ proposed models reaching the levels of 0.07%, 0.01%, and 0.56% more in the "Indian Pines", "Pavia University", and "Botswana" data sets respectively. The commitment of our errors decreased in time series datasets by 0.44, 0.08, and 0.5 in "Electricity production", "International Airline Passenger" and "Production of shampoo over three years" respectively. The source code is available at https://github.com/Anasua-coding/HSI-Classification/tree/main.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cai Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Cai Z (2020) Efficient graph convolutional self-representation for band selection of hyperspectral image. In: IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing, vol 13, pp 4869–4880. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2020.3018229
Signoroni A, Savardi M, Baronio A, Benini S (2019) Deep learning meets hyperspectral image analysis: a multidisciplinary review. J Imaging 5(5):52
Mou L, Ghamisi P, Zhu XX (2017) Deep recurrent neural networks for hyperspectral image classification. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 55, no 7, pp 3639–3655. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2636241
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 770–778
Amy L, Harrison N, French AP (2017) Hyperspectral image analysis techniques for the detection and classification of the early onset of plant disease and stress. Plant methods 13(1):1–12
Gao P, Zhang H, Jia D, Song C, Cheng C, Shen S (2020) Efficient approach for computing the discrimination ratio-based variant of information entropy for image processing. In IEEE Access 8:92552–92564. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2994345
Roy SK, Krishna G, Dubey SR, Chaudhuri BB (2020) HybridSN: exploring 3-D-2-D CNN feature hierarchy for hyperspectral image classification. In: IEEE geoscience and remote sensing letters, vol 17, no 2, pp 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2019.2918719
Hu WS, Li HC, Pan L, Li W, Tao R, Qian D (2019) Feature extraction and classification based on spatial-spectral convlstm neural network for hyperspectral images. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.03577
Liu Q, Zhou F, Hang R, Yuan X (2017) Bidirectional-convolutional LSTM based spectral-spatial feature learning for hyperspectral image classification. Remote Sensing 9(12):1330
(2009) ISPRS J Photo Remote Sen, 1995–Present
Alam FI, Zhou J, Liew AW-C, Jia X, Chanussot J, Gao Y (2019) Conditional random field and deep feature learning for hyperspectral image classification. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 57, no 3, pp 1612–1628. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2018.2867679
Weinmann M, Weidner U (2019) Relevance assessment of spectral bands for land cover and land use classification: a case study involving multispectral sentinel-2-like and hyperspectral data. TP Kersten (Hrsg.) 39(2019):138–153
Lorenzo PR, Tulczyjew L, Marcinkiewicz M, Nalepa J (2018) Band selection from hyperspectral images using attention-based convolutional neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.02667
Banik D, Ekbal A, Bhattacharyya P, Bhattacharyya S (2019) Assembling translations from multi-engine machine translation outputs. Appl Soft Comput 78(2019):230–239
Banik D, Ekbal A, Bhattacharyya P (2019) Machine learning based optimized pruning approach for decoding in statistical machine translation. In IEEE Access 7:1736–1751. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883738
Paoletti ME, Haut JM, Plaza J, Plaza A (2018) A new deep convolutional neural network for fast hyperspectral image classification. ISPRS J Photogrammetry Remote Sensing 145(2018):120–147
Audebert N, Le Saux B, Lefévre S (2019) Deep learning for classification of hyperspectral data: a comparative review. IEEE Geosci Remote Sensing Magazine 7(2):159–173
Peeples J, Xu W, Zare A (2022) Histogram layers for texture analysis. In: IEEE transactions on artificial intelligence, vol 3, no 4, pp 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAI.2021.3135804
Yang X, Ye Y, Li X, Lau RYK, Zhang X, Huang X (2018) Hyperspectral image classification with deep learning models. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 56, no 9, pp 5408–5423. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2018.2815613.
Melgani F, Bruzzone L (2004) Classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images with support vector machines. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 42, no 8, pp 1778–1790. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.831865
Cai Y, Liu X, Cai Z (2020) BS-Nets: an end-to-end framework for band selection of hyperspectral image. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 58, no 3, pp 1969–1984. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2951433
Roy SK, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharyya S, Chaudhuri BB, Platoš dJ (2020) Lightweight spectral-spatial squeeze-and- excitation residual bag-of-features learning for hyperspectral classification. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 58, no 8, pp 5277–5290. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2961681
Wenju W, Dou S, Wang S (2019) Alternately updated spectral-spatial convolution network for the classification of hyperspectral images. Remote Sensing 11(15):1794
Chen Y, Jiang H, Li C, Jia X, Ghamisi P (2016) Deep feature extraction and classification of hyperspectral images based on convolutional neural networks. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 54, no 10, pp 6232–6251. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2584107
Waske B, van der Linden S, Benediktsson JA, Rabe A, Hostert P (2010) Sensitivity of support vector machines to random feature selection in classification of hyperspectral data. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 48, no 7, pp 2880–2889. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2010.2041784
Makantasis K, Karantzalos K, Doulamis A, Doulamis N (2015) Deep supervised learning for hyperspectral data classification through convolutional neural networks. 2015 IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium (IGARSS), pp 4959–4962. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326945
Zhong Z, Li J, Luo Z, Chapman M (2018) Spectral-spatial residual network for hyperspectral image classification: a 3-D deep learning framework. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 56, no 2, pp 847–858. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2755542
Ben Hamida A, Benoit A, Lambert P, Ben Amar C (2018) 3-D deep learning approach for remote sensing image classification. In: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, vol 56, no 8, pp 4420–4434. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2018.2818945
Fejjari A, Ettabaa KS, Korbaa O (2021) Chapter 12 feature extraction techniques for hyperspectral images classification
Lingyu Y, Li K, Gao R, Wang C, Xiong N (2022) An intelligent weighted object detector for feature extraction to enrich global image information. Appl Sci 12(15):7825
Lingyu Y, Fu J, Wang C, Ye Z, Chen H, Ling H (2021) Enhanced network optimized generative adversarial network for image enhancement. Multimed Tools Appl 80(2021):14363–14381
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare no conflict of interest for this manuscript.
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Anasua Banerjee and Debajyoty Banik are contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Banerjee, A., Banik, D. Resnet based hybrid convolution LSTM for hyperspectral image classification. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 45059–45070 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16241-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16241-9