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A survey on fragile watermarking based image authentication schemes

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Abstract

Ensuring the image content authentication is a necessity need when images are used as supporting evidence in critical applications such as law enforcement, medical diagnosis, news reporting, and forensic investigation. Fragile watermarking is an effective solution for ensuring image content authentication. This paper presents a survey on fragile watermarking schemes for tamper localization and self-recovery. The characteristics and general framework are included to get an overview of these schemes. A brief review and comparison of various fragile watermarking schemes along with their merits and limitations are also given. The observations drawn from the comparative study are included to aid further research in this area. In addition to this, experimental evaluation of state-of-the-art tamper localization and self-recovery schemes in terms of watermarked image quality, tamper localization accuracy, and recovery capability is carried out.

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Acknowledgements

Authors extend gratitude to the Department of Higher Education, Government of Kerala, for granting the research fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum, 695016, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    N. R. Neena Raj

  2. Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, 695016, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    N. R. Neena Raj

  3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government Engineering College, 680009, Thrissur, Kerala, India

    R. Shreelekshmi

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  1. N. R. Neena Raj
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Correspondence to N. R. Neena Raj.

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Raj, N.R.N., Shreelekshmi, R. A survey on fragile watermarking based image authentication schemes. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 19307–19333 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10664-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10664-y

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