Abstract
We present a real-time volume rendering component for the Web, which provides a set of illustrative and non-photorealistic styles. Volume data is used in many scientific disciplines, requiring the visualization of the inner data, features for enhancing extracted characteristics or even coloring the volume. The Medical Working Group of X3D published a volume rendering specification. The next step is to build a component that realizes the functionalities defined by the specification. We have designed and built a volume rendering component integrated in the X3DOM framework. This component allows content developers to use the X3D specification. It combines and applies multiple rendering styles to several volume data types, offering a suitable tool for declarative volume rendering on the Web. As we show in the result section, the proposed component can be used in many fields that requires the visualization of multi-dimensional data, such as in medical and scientific fields. Our approach is based on WebGL and X3DOM, providing content developers with an easy and flexible declarative way of sharing and visualizing volumetric content over the Web.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Available at (http://www9.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/External/vollib/)
References
Behr J, Eschler P, Jung Y, Zöllner M (2009) X3DOM: A DOM-based HTML5/X3D integration model. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, ACM, New York, NY, USA, Web3D ’09, pp 127–135, 10.1145/1559764.1559784
Blinn J F (1977) Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures. SIGGRAPH Comput Graph 11(2):192–198. doi:10.1145/965141.563893
Bruckner S, Gröller ME (2007) Style Transfer Functions for Illustrative Volume Rendering. Comput Graph Forum 26(3):715–724. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8659.2007.01095.x
Cabello R (2014) Three.js a JavaScript 3D library. http://www.threejs.org
Catuhe D, Rousseau M, Lagarde P, Rousset D (2014) Babylon.js a 3D engine based on webgl and javascript. http://www.babylonjs.com
Congote J (2012) MEDX3DOM: MEDX3D for X3DOM. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, ACM, NY, USA, Web3D ’12, pp 179–179, 10.1145/2338714.2338746
Congote J, Seguram A, Kabongom L, Morenom A, Posadam J, Ruizm O (2011) Interactive Visualization of Volumetric Data with WebGL in Real-time. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology, ACM, NY, USA, Web3D ’11, pp 137–146, 10.1145/2010425.2010449
Congote J, Kabongo L, Moreno A, Segura A, Beristain A, Posada J, Ruiz O (2012) Volume Ray Casting in WebGL. InTech, 10.5772/34878
Crassin C, Neyret F, Lefebvre S, Eisemann E (2009) Gigavoxels: Ray-guided streaming for efficient and detailed voxel rendering. In: Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games. ACM, pp 15–22
Decaudin P (1996) Cartoon Looking Rendering of 3D Scenes. Research Report 2919, INRIA, http://phildec.users.sf.net/Research/RR-2919.php
Ebert D, Rheingans P (2000) Volume illustration: non-photorealistic rendering of volume models. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization ’00, IEEE Computer Society Press, CA, USA, VIS ’00, pp 195–202, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=375213.375241
Fraunhofer IGD (2014) X3DOM. http://www.x3dom.org
Fraunhofer IGD (2016) X3DOM Github repository. https://github.com/x3dom/x3dom
Gobbetti E, Marton F, Guitián J A I (2008) A single-pass GPU ray casting framework for interactive out-of-core rendering of massive volumetric datasets. Vis Comput 24(7-9):797–806
Gooch A, Gooch B, Shirley P, Cohen E (1998) A Non-photorealistic Lighting Model for Automatic Technical Illustration. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, ACM, NY, USA, SIGGRAPH ’98, pp 447–452, doi:10.1145/280814.280950 10.1145/280814.280950
Gutenko I, Petkov K, Papadopoulos C, Zhao X, Park JH, Kaufman A, Cha R (2014) Remote volume rendering pipeline for mHealth applications. In: SPIE Medical Imaging, International Society for Optics and Photonics, pp 903,904–903,904
Hähn D, Rannou N, Ahtam B, Grant E, Pienaar R (2012) Neuroimaging in the Browser using the X Toolkit. In: Frontiers Neuroinformation Conference Abstract: 5th INCF Congress of Neuroinformatics. doi:10.3389/conf. fninf, Neuroinformatics
Kajiya JT, Von Herzen BP (1984) Ray Tracing Volume Densities. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, ACM, New York, NY, USA, SIGGRAPH ’84, pp 165–174, 10.1145/800031.808594
Kniss J, Kindlmann G, Hansen C (2002) Multidimensional transfer functions for interactive volume rendering. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 8(3):270–285. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2002.1021579
Kruger J, Westermann R (2003) Acceleration techniques for GPUbased volume rendering. In: Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS’03), IEEE Computer Society, DC, USA, VIS’03, pp 38, 10.1109/VIS.2003.10001
Levoy M (1988) Display of Surfaces from Volume Data. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 8(3). doi:10.1109/38.511
Li W, Mueller K, Kaufman A (2003) Empty space skipping and occlusion clipping for texture-based volume rendering. In: Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS’03), IEEE Computer Society, DC, USA, VIS ’03, pp 42–, 10.1109/VISUAL.2003.1250388
Linsen L, Hagen H, Hamann B, Hege H (2012) Visualization in medicine and life sciences ii: progress and new challenges. Mathematics and Visualization, Springer. http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-21608-4
Lu A, Morris CJ, Ebert DS, Rheingans P, Hansen C (2002) Non-photorealistic volume rendering using stippling techniques. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization ’02, IEEE Computer Society, DC, USA, VIS ’02, pp 211–218, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=602099.602131
Lum EB, Ma KL (2002) Hardware-accelerated parallel non-photorealistic volume rendering. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering. ACM, pp 67–ff
Mobeen M, Feng L (2012) High-performance volume rendering on the ubiquitous WebGL platform. In: 2012 IEEE 14th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communication 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems (HPCC-ICESS). doi:10.1109/HPCC.2012.58, pp 381–388
Movania M M, Chiew W M, Lin F (2014) On-site volume rendering with GPU-enabled devices. Wirel Pers Commun 76(4):795–812
Noguera J M, Jiménez J R (2012) Visualization of very large 3D volumes on mobile devices and webGL. WSCG Communication Proceedings pp 105–112
Noguera JM, Jiménez JR, Ogáyar CJ, Segura RJ (2012) Volume rendering strategies on mobile devices. In: GRAPP/IVAPP, pp 447–452
Perandini S, Faccioli N, Zaccarella A, Re T, Mucelli R (2010) The diagnostic contribution of CT volumetric rendering techniques in routine practice. Indian J Radiol Imaging 20(2):63043. doi:10.4103/0971-3026
Pinson C (2014) OSG.JS WebGL framework based on OpenSceneGraph concepts. http://www.osgjs.org
Polys N, Wood A (2012) New platforms for health hypermedia. Issues Inf Syst 13(1):40–50
Polys N, Wood A, Shinpaugh P (2011) Cross-platform presentation of interactive volumetric imagery. Technical Report Departmental Technical Report 1177. Virginia Technology, Advanced Research Computing
Polys N F, Ullrich S, Evestedt D, Wood A D, Aratow M (2013) A fresh look at immersive Volume Rendering: Challenges and capabilities. IEEE VR Workshop on Immersive Volume Rendering, Orlando
Praun E, Hoppe H, Webb M, Finkelstein A (2001) Real-time hatching. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, ACM, NY, USA, SIGGRAPH ’01, pp 581–, 10.1145/383259.383328
Stegmaier S, Strengert M, Klein T, Ertl T (2005) A simple and flexible volume rendering framework for graphics-hardware-based raycasting. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Eurographics / IEEE VGTC Conference on Volume Graphics, Eurographics Association, Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland, VG’05, pp 187–195, 10.2312/VG/VG05/187-195
University of Tübingen WSI/GRIS (2014) Collection of volumetric datasets. http://www.volvis.org
Wallis J, Miller T R, Lerner C, Kleerup E (1989) Three-dimensional display in nuclear medicine. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 8(4):297–230. doi:10.1109/42.41482
Web3DConsortium (2014a) Extensible 3D (X3D) basic example archives. http://www.web3d.org/x3d-resources/content/examples/Basic/VolumeRendering/
Web3DConsortium (2014b) Extensible 3D (X3D) specifications. http://www.web3d.org/x3d/specifications/
Wong P C, Thomas J (2004) Visual analytics. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 24 (5):20–21. doi:10.1109/MCG.2004.39
Yang F, Yang F, Li X, Tian J (2014) Ray feature analysis for volume rendering. Multimedia Tools and Applications pp 1–21, 10.1007/s11042-014-1994-2
Zhou Z, Tao Y, Lin H, Dong F, Clapworthy G (2014) Occlusion-free feature exploration for volume visualization. Multimedia Tools and Applications pp 1–16, 10.1007/s11042-014-2162-4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arbelaiz, A., Moreno, A., Kabongo, L. et al. X3DOM volume rendering component for web content developers. Multimed Tools Appl 76, 13425–13454 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3743-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3743-1