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Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles from plants

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Abstract

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) isolated from animal sources are among the most investigated types of cell-free therapeutic tools to cure different diseases. sEVs have been isolated from a variety of sources, ranging from prokaryotes to animals and plants. Human-derived sEVs have many uses in pre- and clinical studies in medicine and drug delivery, while plant-derived EVs, also known as plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs), have not been widely investigated until the second decade of the 21st century. For the past five years, there has been a rapid rise in the use of plant EVs as a therapeutic tool due to the ease of massive production with high efficacy and yield of preparation. Plant EVs contain various active biomolecules such as proteins, regulatory RNAs, and secondary metabolites and play a key role in inter-kingdom communications. Many studies have already investigated the potential application of plant EVs in preventing and treating cancer, inflammation, infectious diseases, and tissue regeneration with no sign of toxicity and are therefore considered safe. However, due to a lack of universal markers, the properties of plant EVs have not been extensively studied. Concerns regarding the safety and therapeutic function of plant EVs derived from genetically modified plants have been raised. In this paper, we review the physiological role of EVs in plants. Moreover, we focus on molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of plant EVs on various human diseases. We also provide detailed information on the methodological aspects of plant EV isolation and analysis, which could pave the way for future clinical translation.

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Abbreviations

Small extracellular vesicle:

sEV

Plant-derived nanovesicle:

PDNV

Ginger-derived nanovesicle:

GDNV

Citrus-derived nanovesicle:

CDNV

Multivesicular bodies:

MVB

Intraluminal vesicle:

ILV

Tetraspanin:

TET

Dextran sulfate sodium:

DSS

Cabbage-derived nanovesicle:

CaDNV

Strawberry-derived nanovesicle:

SDNV

Reactive oxygen species:

ROS

Myocardial infarction:

MI

Broccoli-derived nanovesicle:

BDNV

Tea leaf-derived nanovesicle:

TDNV

Apple-derived nanovesicle:

ADNV

5-FU:

5-fluorouracil

OSCC:

oral squamous cell carcinoma

BmDNV:

Bitter melon-derived nanovesicles

Grapefruit-derived nanovesicle:

GrDNV

Intravenous:

IV

Wheat-derived nanovesicles:

WDNV

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Acknowledgements

Partial financial support was received from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences [grant number: IR.UMSHA.REC.1399.198 ].

Funding

Partial financial support was received from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences [grant number: IR.UMSHA.REC.1399.198 ].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Science and Novel Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Fatemeh Azizi & Razieh Dalirfardouei

  2. Department of English Language and Persian Literature, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Salva Kazemipour-Khabbazi

  3. Department of BioMedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Biology and Genetic section, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy

    Stefania Raimondo

  4. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Razieh Dalirfardouei

Authors
  1. Fatemeh Azizi
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  2. Salva Kazemipour-Khabbazi
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  3. Stefania Raimondo
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  4. Razieh Dalirfardouei
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Contributions

Fatemeh Azizi: Visualization, Writing- original draft preparation. Salva Kazemipour-Khabbazi: Writing- original draft preparation. Stefania Raimondo: Writing- reviewing and editing. Razieh Dalirfardouei: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing- reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Razieh Dalirfardouei.

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Azizi, F., Kazemipour-Khabbazi, S., Raimondo, S. et al. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles from plants. Mol Biol Rep 51, 425 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09379-8

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