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Emerging cell cycle related non-coding RNA biomarkers from saliva and blood for oral squamous cell carcinoma

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Abstract

The unnotified or undifferentiable early stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression are the prime reasons for late-stage detection and poor survival outcomes of oral cancer. This review summarizes the prior research and recent advancements on the influence of dysregulated non-coding RNA (ncRNA) on cell cycle and their employability as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of oral cancer. The literature search was performed using the following keywords: ‘serum/saliva non-coding RNAs’ and ‘serum/saliva non-coding RNAs and cell cycle’, ‘serum/saliva dysregulated ncRNAs and cell cycle’, ‘Cdk/CKI and ncRNAs’, ‘tissue ncRNAs’ concerning ‘oral cancer’’. The compiled data focuses mainly on the diagnostic and prognostic significance of MicroRNAs (miRNAs), Circular RNAs (circRNAs), and Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) on oral cancer and all other cancers as well as subject-relevant articles published in languages other than English are beyond the scope of this review and excluded from the study. Moreover, articles focusing on DNA, protein, and metabolite markers are eliminated from the study. While there exist various potential biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and specific antigens representing predictive biomarkers in body fluids for oral cancer, this review completely focuses on non-coding RNAs restricted to saliva and blood, picking out a few of the reliable ones amongst the recent investigations based on the sophisticated techniques, cohort, and sensitivity as well as specificity, i.e., salivary miR-1307-5p, miR-3928, hsa_circ_0001874 and ENST00000412740, NR_131012, ENST00000588803, NR_038323, miR-21 in circulation. Thus, further studies are required to clinically confirm the usage of these non-invasive biomarkers in oral cancer.

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Data availability

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Abbreviations

OSCC:

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

HNSCC:

Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma

OSMF:

Oral submucous fibrosis

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

ncRNA:

Non-coding RNA

lncRNA:

Long non-coding RNA

CircRNA:

Circular RNA

miRNA:

MicroRNA

CKIs:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors

RPICs:

Ribosomal protein inhibiting Cdks

HDACis:

Histone deacetylase inhibitors

Rb:

Retinoblastoma

TSCC:

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma

siRNAs:

Short interfering RNAs

piRNAs:

PIWI-interacting RNAs

snRNA:

Small nuclear RNA

snoRNA:

Small nucleolar RNAs

rasiRNAs:

Repeat-associated RNAs

pri miRNA:

Primary miRNA

OPMDs:

Oral pre-malignant disorders

OLK:

Oral leukoplakia

OLP:

Oral lichen planus

OSF:

Oral submucous fibrosis

lincRNAs:

Long intergenic ncRNAs

asRNAs:

Antisense RNAs

EMT:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

YAP:

Yes-associated protein

HotairR:

Hox Transcript Antisense RNA

Neat1:

Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1

Uca1:

Urothelial cancer associated 1

Meg-3:

Maternally expressed gene 3

Tug1:

Taurine upregulated gene 1

PRC2:

Polycomb repressive complex 2

HOTTIP:

HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA

ceRNA:

Competing endogenous RNA

DLEU1:

Deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 1

OC:

Oral carcinoma

EZH2:

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2

LUCAT-1:

Lung cancer-related transcript 1

PCNA:

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

GACAT1:

Gastric cancer-associated transcript 1

MALAT1:

Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1

CAF:

Cancer-associated fibroblasts

BANCR:

BRAF activated long non-coding RNA

LOLA1:

LncRNA oral leukoplakia progressed associated 1

LPP:

Lipoma preferred partner

CILA1:

Chemotherapy-induced lncRNA 1

LPP:

Lipoma preferred partner

GAS5:

Growth Arrest Specific 5

LAST:

LncRNA-assisted stabilization of transcripts

ANROC:

Associated negative regulation of cell proliferation

ROC:

Receiver operating characteristic

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) for providing the infrastructure required for the research and University Library facility. R. C. Koumar acknowledges the receipt of the Seed grant (YU/Seed Grant/ 090-2020) from Yenepoya (Deemed to be University). Asrarunissa Kalmatta acknowledges the support from Srinivas Institute of Physiotherapy, Mangaluru, Karnataka and Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka.

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  1. Srinivas College Of Physiotherapy, City Campus, Pandeshwar, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575001, India

    Asrarunissa Kalmatte

  2. Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India

    Asrarunissa Kalmatte, Punchappady Devasya Rekha & Chandrahas Koumar Ratnacaram

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  1. Asrarunissa Kalmatte
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  2. Punchappady Devasya Rekha
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Correspondence to Chandrahas Koumar Ratnacaram.

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Kalmatte, A., Rekha, P.D. & Ratnacaram, C.K. Emerging cell cycle related non-coding RNA biomarkers from saliva and blood for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 50, 9479–9496 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08791-w

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