Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment with anti-inflammatory natural products

  • Review
  • Published:
Molecular Biology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease across the globe that is chronic and systemic as well. The disease is linked with autoantibodies and is inflammatory, eventually targeting several molecules along with certain modified self-epitopes. The disease majorly affects the joints of an individual. Rheumatoid arthritis is manifested clinically by polyarthritis linked with the dysfunction of the joints. This chiefly affects the synovial joint lining and is linked with progressive dysfunction, premature death, along with socioeconomic implications. The macrophage activation, along with the activation of certain defense cells, results in a response to self-epitopes that helps in providing a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. 

Material and methodology For this review article, papers have been retrieved and reviewed from database including PubMed, Scopus and Web of science. Relevant papers were taken fulfilling the criteria for writing this review article.

Results This has resulted in the establishment of several new therapeutic techniques that serve as potential inhibitors of such cells. Researchers have gained an interest in understanding this disease to provide strategies for treatment in the last two decades. This also includes recognition followed by the treatment of the disease at its early stages. Various allopathic treatment approaches often have chronic and toxic teratogenic effects. However, to avoid this issue of toxicity followed by side effects, certain medicinal plants have been used in treating RA. 

Conclusion Medicinal plants possess active phytoconstituents that entail antioxidants as well as anti-inflammatory properties, making them a helpful alternative to allopathic drugs that are often linked with highly toxic effects. This review paper entails a thorough discussion of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RA. The paper will also focus on the use of herbal plants in the treatment of the disease to avoid the side effects that generally occur in allopathic treatment.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ACPA:

Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies

AKT:

Ak strain transforming

ALT:

Alanine transaminase

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

BMI:

Body mass index

CCP:

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-2

CD4:

Clusters of differentiation 4

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CRP:

c-reactive protein

DMARDs:

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DR:

D-related locus

EBV:

Epstein–Barr virus

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

EXOSC1:

Exosome component 1

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FLS:

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigens

IFNs:

Interferons

Ig:

immunoglobulin

IL:

Interleukin

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

LOX:

Lysyl oxidase

LTB4:

Leukotriene B4

MAP Kinase:

Mitogen activated protein kinases

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

MTP:

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor-Κb

NO:

Nitric oxide

NSAID:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PI3Ks:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases

PIP:

Prolactin-induced protein

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

RANK:

Receptor activator of NF-κB

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand

RF:

Rheumatoid factor

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

STAT4:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4

Th1:

T helper type 1

Th2:

T helper type 2

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TRAF:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor

WBC:

White blood cell

References

  1. Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D et al (2018) Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies. Bone Res 6:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Araki Y, Mimura T (2016) The mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis from the perspective of the epigenetic landscape. J Immunol Res 2016:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6290682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. van Delft MAM, Huizinga TWJ (2020) An overview of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 110:102392. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAUT.2019.102392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yap HY, Tee SZY, Wong MMT et al (2018) Pathogenic role of immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis: implications in clinical treatment and biomarker development. Cells 7:161. https://doi.org/10.3390/CELLS7100161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Edilova MI, Akram A, Abdul-Sater AA (2021) Innate immunity drives pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed J 44:172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BJ.2020.06.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. de Molon RS, Rossa C, Thurlings RM et al (2019) Linkage of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: current evidence and potential biological interactions. Int J Mol Sci 20:4541. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS20184541

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Sofowora A, Ogunbodede E, Onayade A (2013) The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 10:210–229. https://doi.org/10.4314/AJTCAM.V10I5.2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Singh S, Singh TG, Mahajan K, Dhiman S (2020) Medicinal plants used against various inflammatory biomarkers for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pharm Pharmacol 72:1306–1327. https://doi.org/10.1111/JPHP.13326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N (2019) A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery. Metabolites 9:258. https://doi.org/10.3390/METABO9110258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A et al (2018) Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4:18001. https://doi.org/10.1038/NRDP.2018.1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pradeepkiran JA (2019) Insights of rheumatoid arthritis risk factors and associations. J Transl Autoimmun 2:100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTAUTO.2019.100012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Svendsen AJ, Gervin K, Lyle R et al (2016) Differentially methylated DNA regions in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for rheumatoid arthritis: an epigenome-wide study. Front Immunol 7:510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00510

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. van Drongelen V, Holoshitz J (2017) Human leukocyte antigen-disease associations in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 43:363–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RDC.2017.04.003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Lim J, Kim K (2019) Genetic variants differentially associated with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus reveal the disease-specific biology. Sci Rep 9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39132-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cribbs A, Feldmann M, Oppermann U (2015) Towards an understanding of the role of DNA methylation in rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic and diagnostic implications. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 7:206–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X15598307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Ciechomska M, Roszkowski L, Maslinski W (2019) DNA methylation as a future therapeutic and diagnostic target in rheumatoid arthritis. Cells 8:953. https://doi.org/10.3390/CELLS8090953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Sokolove J, Wagner CA, Lahey LJ et al (2016) Increased inflammation and disease activity among current cigarette smokers with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional analysis of US veterans. Rheumatology 55:1969–1977. https://doi.org/10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/KEW285

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Koziel J, Mydel P, Potempa J (2014) The link between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis: an updated review. Curr Rheumatol Rep 16:408–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11926-014-0408-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Jeong Y, Kim JW, You HJ et al (2019) Gut microbial composition and function are altered in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Med 8:693. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM8050693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Novella-Navarro M, Plasencia-Rodríguez C, Nuño L, Balsa A (2021) Risk factors for developing rheumatoid arthritis in patients with undifferentiated arthritis and inflammatory arthralgia. Front Med 8:668898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.668898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen J, Wright K, Davis JM et al (2016) An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis. Genome Med 8:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13073-016-0299-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Jagpal A, Navarro-Millán I (2018) Cardiovascular co-morbidity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a narrative review of risk factors, cardiovascular risk assessment and treatment. BMC Rheumatol 2:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S41927-018-0014-Y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Bustamante MF, Garcia-Carbonell R, Whisenant KD, Guma M (2017) Fibroblast-like synoviocyte metabolism in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 19:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13075-017-1303-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Kim JM, Lin C, Stavre Z et al (2020) Osteoblast-osteoclast communication and bone homeostasis. Cells 9:2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/CELLS9092073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Fang Q, Zhou C, Nandakumar KS (2020) Molecular and cellular pathways contributing to joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2020:3830212. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3830212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Steffen U, Schett G, Bozec A (2019) How autoantibodies regulate osteoclast induced bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 10:1483. https://doi.org/10.3389/FIMMU.2019.01483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Breedveld FC (2002) Current and future management approaches for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 4(2):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/AR548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, De Jong BAW, Berglin E et al (2003) Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:2741–2749. https://doi.org/10.1002/ART.11223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nielen MMJ, Van Schaardenburg D, Reesink HW et al (2004) Specific autoantibodies precede the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis a study of serial measurements in blood donors. Arthritis Rheum 50:380–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jørgensen KT, Wiik A, Pedersen M et al (2008) Cytokines, autoantibodies and viral antibodies in premorbid and postdiagnostic sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: case–control study nested in a cohort of norwegian blood donors. Ann Rheum Dis 67:860–866. https://doi.org/10.1136/ARD.2007.073825

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Silman AJ, Hennessy E, Ollier B (1992) Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in a genetically predisposed population. Rheumatology 31:365–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/31.6.365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bos WH, Wolbink GJ, Boers M et al (2010) Arthritis development in patients with arthralgia is strongly associated with anti-citrullinated protein antibody status: a prospective cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 69:490–494. https://doi.org/10.1136/ARD.2008.105759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sokolove J, Bromberg R, Deane KD et al (2012) Autoantibody epitope spreading in the pre-clinical phase predicts progression to rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE 7:e35296. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0035296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Suwannalai P, Van De Stadt LA, Radner H et al (2012) Avidity maturation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 64:1323–1328. https://doi.org/10.1002/ART.33489

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gvozdenović E, Dirven L, Van Den Broek M et al (2014) Intra articular injection with corticosteroids in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: subanalyses from the BeST study. Clin Rheumatol 33:263–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10067-013-2465-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sandler RD, Dunkley L (2018) Osteoarthritis and the inflammatory arthritides. Surgery (United Kingdom) 36:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wilson A, Yu HT, Goodnough LT, Nissenson AR (2004) Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med 116:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ingegnoli F, Castelli R, Gualtierotti R (2013) Rheumatoid factors: clinical applications. Dis Markers 35:727–734. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/726598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Lerkvaleekul B, Jaovisidha S, Sungkarat W et al (2017) The comparisons between thermography and ultrasonography with physical examination for wrist joint assessment in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Physiol Meas 38:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/AA63D8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Laurent L, Anquetil F, Clavel C et al (2015) IgM rheumatoid factor amplifies the inflammatory response of macrophages induced by the rheumatoid arthritis-specific immune complexes containing anticitrullinated protein antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 74:1425–1431. https://doi.org/10.1136/ANNRHEUMDIS-2013-204543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Muehleman C, Green J, Williams JM et al (2002) The effect of bone remodeling inhibition by zoledronic acid in an animal model of cartilage matrix damage. Osteoarthr Cartil 10:226–233. https://doi.org/10.1053/joca.2001.0506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A et al (2004) Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364:263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16676-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. St.Clair EW, Van Der Heijde DMFM, Smolen JS et al (2004) Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 50:3432–3443. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20568

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Yoo DH, Prodanovic N, Jaworski J et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of CT-P13 (biosimilar infliximab) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison between switching from reference infliximab to CT-P13 and continuing CT-P13 in the PLANETRA extension study. Ann Rheum Dis 76:355–363. https://doi.org/10.1136/ANNRHEUMDIS-2015-208786

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T et al (2015) The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 74:480–489. https://doi.org/10.1136/ANNRHEUMDIS-2014-206624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rathbun AM, Harrold LR, Reed GW (2016) A prospective evaluation of the effects of prevalent depressive symptoms on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with biologic response modifiers. Clin Ther 38:1759–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLINTHERA.2016.06.007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Storgard CM, Stupack DG, Jonczyk A et al (1999) Decreased angiogenesis and arthritic disease in rabbits treated with an αvβ3 antagonist. J Clin Invest 103:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI3756

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. O’Dell JR, Haire CE, Erikson N et al (1996) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. N Engl J Med 334:1287–1291. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605163342002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Shea B, Swinden MV, Tanjong Ghogomu E et al (2013) Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013:CD000951. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000951.pub2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Smolen JS, Cohen SB, Tony HP et al (2017) A randomised, double-blind trial to demonstrate bioequivalence of GP2013 and reference rituximab combined with methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 76:1598–1602. https://doi.org/10.1136/ANNRHEUMDIS-2017-211281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Jones G, Ding C (2010) Tocilizumab: a review of its safety and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord 3:81–89. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMAMD.S4864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Bermas BL (2014) Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for the management of rheumatoid arthritis before and during pregnancy. Curr Opin Rheumatol 26:334–340. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wen H-Y, Chiang C-C, Chen R-Y et al (2023) Immunosensing for early detection of rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers: anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies based on tilted-fiber bragg grating biosensor. Bioengineering 10:261. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Hasegawa T, Kaneko Y, Izumi K, Takeuchi T (2017) Efficacy of denosumab combined with bDMARDs on radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 84:379–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBSPIN.2016.05.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Meenan RF (1990) The comparative efficacy and toxicity of second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis results of two metaanalyses. Arthritis Rheum 33:1449–1461. https://doi.org/10.1002/ART.1780331001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Di Giuseppe D, Wallin A, Bottai M et al (2014) Long-term intake of dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study of women. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1949–1953. https://doi.org/10.1136/ANNRHEUMDIS-2013-203338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Blanco FJ, Möricke R, Dokoupilova E et al (2017) Secukinumab in active rheumatoid arthritis: a phase III randomized, double-blind, active comparator: and placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol 69:1144–1153. https://doi.org/10.1002/ART.40070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC et al (2012) Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690,550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum 64:617–629. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Pannell WC, Savin DD, Scott TP et al (2015) Trends in the surgical treatment of lumbar spine disease in the United States. Spine J 15:1719–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SPINEE.2013.10.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Momohara S, Inoue E, Ikari K et al (2014) Recent trends in orthopedic surgery aiming to improve quality of life for those with rheumatoid arthritis: data from a large observational cohort. J Rheumatol 41:862–866. https://doi.org/10.3899/JRHEUM.131018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kanbe K, Chiba J, Inoue Y et al (2015) Analysis of clinical factors related to the efficacy of shoulder arthroscopic synovectomy plus capsular release in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 25:451–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00590-014-1570-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Eversden L, Maggs F, Nightingale P, Jobanputra P (2007) A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of hydrotherapy and land exercises on overall well being and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 8:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-8-23

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Gehrmann R, Harten R, Renard RL et al (2016) Biomechanical evaluation of patellar tendon repair techniques: comparison of double krackow stitch with and without cerclage augmentation. Orthop Rheumatol 5:00163. https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJOR.2016.05.00163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Köhler BM, Günther J, Kaudewitz D, Lorenz HM (2019) Current therapeutic options in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Med 8:938. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM8070938

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Choudhary M, Kumar V, Malhotra H, Singh S (2015) Medicinal plants with potential anti-arthritic activity. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 4:147. https://doi.org/10.5455/JICE.20150313021918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Feng Y, Zhang R, Zhao Z et al (2023) Efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture combined with medication for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 9:e14014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14014

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Farzaei MH, Farzaei F, Abdollahi M et al (2016) A mechanistic review on medicinal plants used for rheumatoid arthritis in traditional persian medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 68:1233–1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nimesh S (2018) Herbal drug is better than allopathic drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Pharmacogn 5(9):539–545. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Chiu HY, Huang HL, Li CH et al (2015) Increased risk of chronic kidney disease in rheumatoid arthritis associated with cardiovascular complications: a national population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bhupinder K, Reena G, Gupta M (2017) Natural products in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Green Pharm 11:356–363

    Google Scholar 

  71. Teles KA, Medeiros-Souza P, Lima FAC et al (2017) Cyclophosphamide administration routine in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a review. Rev Brasi de Reumatol (English Edition) 57:596–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2016.09.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Grainger R, Walker J (2014) Rheumatologists’ opinions towards complementary and alternative medicine: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol 33:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-013-2379-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ekor M (2014) The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol 4:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHAR.2013.00177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Venkatesha SH, Dudics S, Astry B, Moudgil KD (2016) Control of autoimmune inflammation by celastrol, a natural triterpenoid. Pathog Dis 74:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/FEMSPD/FTW059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Che CT, Wong MS, Lam CWK, McPhee DJ (2016) Natural products from chinese medicines with potential benefits to bone health. Molecules 21:239. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES21030239

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Kaur A, Nain P, Nain J (2012) Herbal plants used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:44–57

    Google Scholar 

  77. Arya V, Kumar Gupta V, Kaur R, Pharm M (2011) A review on plants having anti-arthritic potential morphological and microscopic studies of aerial parts of ceylon leadwort view project Vikrant Arya. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 7:239

    Google Scholar 

  78. Goel A, Kulshrestha S (2021) Review on anti-rheumatoid arthritis potential of medicinal plants. Int J Curr Res Rev 13:16–32. https://doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Shashank D, Rajendra S, Mistry A (2018) An overview of phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. J Pharm Res 16:307–313

    Google Scholar 

  80. Li M, He J, Jiang LL et al (2013) The anti-arthritic effects of Aconitum vilmorinianum, a folk herbal medicine in Southwestern China. J Ethnopharmacol 147:122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Gokhale AB, Damre AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN (2002) Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of S. lappa, A. speciosa and A. aspera. Phytomedicine 9:433–437. https://doi.org/10.1078/09447110260571689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pharm IJ, Res P, Bk M et al (2012) Hepatoprotective potency of Achyranthes aspera: an in-vivo study. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res 1:387–390

    Google Scholar 

  83. Singh B, Bani S, Gupta DK et al (2003) Anti-inflammatory activity of ‘TAF’ an active fraction from the plant Barleria prionitis Linn. J Ethnopharmacol 85:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00358-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Nazir N, Koul S, Qurishi MA et al (2007) Immunomodulatory effect of bergenin and norbergenin against adjuvant-induced arthritis—a flow cytometric study. J Ethnopharmacol 112:401–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Fan AY, Lao L, Zhang RX et al (2005) Effects of an acetone extract of Boswellia carterii Birdw. (Burseraceae) gum resin on adjuvant-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. J Ethnopharmacol 101:104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.033

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wu SQ, Otero M, Unger FM et al (2011) Anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan extract in human chondrocytes and macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol 138:364–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Kumar VL, Roy S (2007) Calotropis procera latex extract affords protection against inflammation and oxidative stress in Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in rats. Mediat Inflamm 2007:047523. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/47523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Jeyadevi R, Sivasudha T, Rameshkumar A, Kumar LD (2013) Anti-arthritic activity of the indian leafy vegetable Cardiospermum halicacabum in Wistar rats and UPLC-QTOF- MS/MS identification of the putative active phenolic components. Inflamm Res 62:115–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-012-0558-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Mukhopadhyay MK, Nath D (2011) Phytochemical screening and toxicity study of Saraca asoca bark methanolic extract. Int J Phytomed 3:498–505

    Google Scholar 

  90. Agarwal T, Singh R, Shukla AD et al (2012) Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of four piper betel varieties. Pelagia Res Libr 3:698–705

    Google Scholar 

  91. Radu AF, Bungau SG (2021) Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Cells 10:2857. https://doi.org/10.3390/CELLS10112857

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Zhou L, Xiong JY, Chai YQ et al (2022) Possible antidepressant mechanisms of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids acting on the central nervous system. Front Psychiatry 13:1991. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2022.933704/BIBTEX

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Kowalska K (2011) Natural compounds involved in adipose tissue mass control in in vitro studies. Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online) 65:515–523. https://doi.org/10.5604/17322693.955499

  94. Schroeder FC, Gronquist M (2006) Extending the scope of NMR spectroscopy with microcoil probes. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:7122–7131. https://doi.org/10.1002/ANIE.200601789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ross IA (2005) Medicinal plants of the world. Med Plants World 3:1–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-887-8/COVER

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Chan K, Shaw D, Simmonds MSJ et al (2012) Good practice in reviewing and publishing studies on herbal medicine, with special emphasis on traditional chinese medicine and chinese materia medica. J Ethnopharmacol 140:469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEP.2012.01.038

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Makunga NP, Philander LE, Smith M (2008) Current perspectives on an emerging formal natural products sector in South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 119:365–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEP.2008.07.020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Jianzhang M, Ke R, Kun C (2013) Research and practice on biodiversity in situ conservation in China: pro-gress and prospect. Biodivers Sci 20:551–558. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.08118

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to the GLA University, management for providing support.

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, Mathura, India

    Ayushi Sharma & Anjana Goel

Authors
  1. Ayushi Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anjana Goel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AS: Original draft preparation, AG: Supervision and Editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anjana Goel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, A., Goel, A. Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment with anti-inflammatory natural products. Mol Biol Rep 50, 4687–4706 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08406-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08406-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation