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An update on vascular calcification and potential therapeutics

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Abstract

Pathological calcification is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidities primarily in population with chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal diseases (ERSD) and metabolic disorders. Investigators have accepted the fact that vascular calcification is not a passive process but a highly complex, cell mediated, active process in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) resulting from, metabolic insults of bone fragility, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Over the years, studies have revealed various mechanisms of vascular calcification like induction of bone formation, apoptosis, alteration in Ca-P balance and loss of inhibition. Novel clinical studies targeting cellular mechanisms of calcification provide promising and potential avenues for drug development. The interventions include phosphate binders, sodium thiosulphate, vitamin K, calcimimetics, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, Myoinositol hexaphosphate (IP6), Denosumab and TNAP inhibitors. Concurrently investigators are also working towards reversing or curing pathological calcification. This review focuses on the relationship of vascular calcification to clinical diseases, regulators and factors causing calcification including genetics which have been identified. At present, there is lack of any significant preventive measures for calcifications and hence this review explores further possibilities for drug development and treatment modalities.

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Abbreviations

OPN:

Osteopontin

CVD:

Cardiovascular diseases

VC:

Vascular calcification

CaP:

Calcium phosphate

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

VSMC:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

MGP:

Matrix gla protein

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand

Cbfα1:

Core binding factor-α1

BMPs:

Bone morphogenetic proteins

IP6:

Myo-inositol hexaphosphate

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Authors thank Amity University for providing the necessary facilities.

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  1. Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Anubha Singh & Chanderdeep Tandon

  2. Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Simran Tandon

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  1. Anubha Singh
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Singh, A., Tandon, S. & Tandon, C. An update on vascular calcification and potential therapeutics. Mol Biol Rep 48, 887–896 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-06086-y

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