Abstract
The Indian Eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini Hutt, a commercial silk producing insect, is believed to have originated in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam. In this study, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of six morphs of Eri silkworm viz. white plain, white zebra, white spotted, blue plain, blue zebra and blue spotted collected from different geographical locations of North-East India were investigated by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1). This study revealed a low genetic diversity among the morphs of Eri silkworm. Twenty-eight random primers generated 199 bands. Out of these, 112 were polymorphic (56.28%) with an average of 7.1 bands per primer. The genetic similarity matrix ranged from 0.56 to 0.99. The morphs collected from same geographical area shared the same cluster in the dendrogram. The genetic diversity in case of ITS1 sequences (2.19%) was found to be less as compared to RAPD. The ITS1 sequences of the morphs collected from same geographical area were found to be identical. The information generated in this study will help in conservation and effective breeding program to improve its productivity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jolly MS, Sen SK, Sonwalker TN, Prasad GK (1979) Non-mulberry silks. In: Manual on sericulture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 146
Peigler RS (1993) Wild silks of the world. Am Entomol 39:151–161
Chowdhury SN (1982) Eri silk industry: directorate of sericulture and weaving. Government of Assam, Guwahati, p 29
Sarmah MC, Ahmed SA, Sarkar BN (2012) Research & technology development, by product management and prospects in Eri culture: a review. Mun Ent Zool 7:1006–1016
Ryu KS, Kim I, Ahn MY, Lee HS, Kim JW, Lee P (2003) Functionality research on silkworm and sericultural products. J Food Sci Technol 36:15–24
Siddiqui AA, Saha LM, Das PK (2000) Genetic variability and correlation studies of some quantitative traits in Eri silkworm. Int J Wild Silkmoth Silk 5:234–237
Chakraborty S, Muthulakshmi M, Vardhini D, Jayaprakash P, Nagaraju J, Arunkumar KP (2015) Genetic analysis of Indian tasar silkmoth (Antheraea mylitta) populations. Sci Rep 5:15728
Kim SR, Kim KY, Jeong JS, Kim MJ, Kim KH, Choi KH, Kim I (2017) Population genetic characterization of the Japanese oak silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), using novel microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA gene sequences. Genet Mol Res 16:gmr16029608
Bashasab F, Vijaykumar R, Kambalpally KB, Patil BV, Kuruvinashetti MS (2006) DNA-based marker systems and their utility in entomology. Entomol Fennica 17:21–33
Lynch M, Milligan BG (1994) Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers. Mol Ecol 3:91–99
Yari K, Mirmoayedi A, Marami M, Kazemi E, Kahrizi D (2014) Genetic diversity analysis of chrysopidae family (insecta, neuroptera) via molecular markers. Mol Biol Rep 41:6241–6245
Bhau BS, Mech J, Borthakur S, Bhuyan M, Bhattacharyya PR (2014) Morphological and genetic diversity studies among populations of tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora from Assam, India. Mol Biol Rep 41:7845–7856
Perrson CVM, Rogers AD, Sheader M (2002) The genetic structure of the rare lagoonal sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis Stephenson (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) in the United Kingdom based on RAPD analysis. Mol Ecol 11:2285–2293
Hillis DM, Dixon MT (1991) Ribosomal DNA: Molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference. Q Rev Biol 66:411–453
Rabey HE (2014) Comparison of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA genes in wild and cultivated two and six-rowed barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.). Mol Biol Rep 41:849–854
Jamali S (2015) Molecular phylogeny of endophytic isolates of Ampelomyces from Iran based on rDNA ITS sequences. Mol Biol Rep 42:149–157
Pamidimarri DVNS, Reddy MP (2014) Phylogeography and molecular diversity analysis of Jatropha curcas L. and the dispersal route revealed by RAPD, AFLP and nrDNA-ITS analysis. Mol Biol Rep 41:3225–3234
Suzuki Y, Gage L, Brown DD (1972) The genes for silk fibroin in Bombyx mori. J Mol Biol 70:637–649
Miller MP (1997) TFPGA Version 1.3. A windows program for the analysis of allozyme and molecular population genetic data. Department of Biological Science, Northern Arizona University
Hammer O, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4:9
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882
Zhang Z, Schwartz S, Wagner L, Miller W (2000) A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences. J Comp Biol 7:203–214
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729
Librado P, Rozas J (2009) DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25:1451–1452
Pradeep AR, Jingade AH, Singh CK, Awasthi AK, Kumar V, Rao GC, Vijaya Prakash NB (2011) Genetic analysis of scattered populations of the Indian eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Donovan: differentiation of subpopulations. Genet Mol Biol 34:502–510
Vijayan K, Anuradha HJ, Nair CV, Pradeep AR, Awasthi AK, Saratchandra B, Rahman SAS, Singh KC, Chakraborti R, Urs SR (2006) Genetic diversity and differentiation among populations of the Indian eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, revealed by ISSR markers. J Insect Sci 6(11):30
Anderson AR, Hoffmann AA, McKechnie SW, Umina PA, Weeks AR (2005) The latitudinal cline in the In(3R) Payne inversion polymorphism has shifted in the last 20 years in Australian Drosophila melanogaster populations. Mol Ecol 14:851–858
Srivastava PP, Vijayan K, Awasthi AK, Kar PK, Thangavelu K, Saratchandra B (2005) Genetic analysis of silkworms (Bombyx mori) through RAPD markers. Indian J Biotechnol 4:389–395
Marimuthu M, Perumal Y, Salim AP, Sharma G (2009) Genetic similarity of eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis populations. DNA Cell Biol 28:599–603
Ouma JO, Marquez JG, Krafsur ES (2005) Macro geographic population structure of the tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes (Diptera, Glossinidae). Bull Entomol Res 95:437–447
Fairley TL, Kilpatrick CW, Conn JE (2005) Intragenomic heterogeneity of internal transcribed spacer rDNA in Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 42:795–800
Bower JE, Cooper RD, Beebe NW (2009) Internal repetition and intraindividual variation in the rDNA ITS1 of the Anopheles punctulatus Group (Diptera: Culicidae): multiple units and rates of turnover. J Mol Evol 68:66–79
Mukwaya LG, Kayondo JK, Crabtree MB, Savage HM, Biggerstaff BJ, Miller BR (2000) Genetic differentiation in the yellow fever virus vector, Aedes simpsoni complex, in Africa: sequence variation in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers of anthropophilic and non-anthropophilic populations. J Mol Biol 9:85–91
Chilton NB, Newton LA, Beveridge I, Gasser RB (2001) Evolutionary relationships of trichostrongyloid Nematodes (Strongylida) inferred from ribosomal DNA sequence data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 19:367–386
Arnheim N, Krystal M, Schmickel R, Wilson G, Ryder O, Zimmer E (1980) Molecular evidence for genetic exchanges among ribosomal genes on non-homologous chromosomes in man and apes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:7323–7327
Campbell CS, Wojciechowski MF, Baldwin BG, Alice LA, Donoghue MJ (1997) Persistent nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence polymorphism in the Amelanchier agamic complex (Rosaceae). Mol Biol Evol 14:81–90
Pandey AK, Ali MA (2012) Intraspecific variation in Panax assamicus Ban populations based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nrDNA. Indian J Biotechnol 11:30–38
Lande R (1988) Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455–1460
Acknowledgements
This research was carried out with a financial support from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
Funding
This study was funded by Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All applicable international, national and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saikia, M., Devi, D. Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogeny of Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) by using RAPD and internal transcribed spacer DNA1. Mol Biol Rep 46, 3035–3048 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04740-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04740-8