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Synthetic account on indoles and their analogues as potential anti-plasmodial agents

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Abstract

Malaria caused by P. falciparum, has been recognized as one of the major infectious diseases causing the death of several patients as per the reports from the World Health Organization. In search of effective therapeutic agents against malaria, several research groups have started working on the design and development of novel heterocycles as anti-malarial agents. Heterocycles have been recognized as the pharmacophoric features for the different types of medicinally important activities. Among all these heterocycles, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles should not be underestimated owing to their wide therapeutic window. Amongst the aza-heterocycles, indoles and fused indoles such as marinoquinolines, isocryptolepines and their regioisomers, manzamines, neocryptolenines, and indolones have been recognized as anti-malarial agents active against P. falciparum. The present work unleashes the synthetic attempts of anti-malarial indoles and fused indoles through cyclocondensation, Fischer-indole synthesis, etc. along with the brief discussions on structure-activity relationships, in vitro or in vivo studies for the broader interest of these medicinal chemists, working on their design and development as potential anti-malarial agents.

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Abbreviations

CQ:

Chloroquine

DCM:

Dichloromethane

DDQ:

2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone

DME:

Dimethyl ether

G6PD:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

M. tuberculosis :

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

P. berghei :

M. tuberculosisPlasmodium berghei

P. falciparum :

Plasmodium falciparum

P. knowlesi :

Plasmodium knowlesi

P. malariae :

Plasmodium malariae

P. ovale :

Plasmodium ovale

Pd(PPh3)4 :

bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)

Pyr:

Pyrimethamine

TBAF:

Tetra-butyl ammonium fluoride

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

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Author notes

  1. Drashtiben D. Vekariya and Pooja R. Bhatt contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India

    Tejas M. Dhameliya, Drashtiben D. Vekariya, Pooja R. Bhatt, Tarun Kachroo, Kumkum D. Virani, Khushi R. Patel, Shelly Bhatt & Sandip P. Dholakia

  2. Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India

    Tejas M. Dhameliya

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Drashtiben D. Vekariya and Pooja R. Bhatt: Literature review, writing- original draft and revised manuscript preparation; Tarun Kachroo, Kumkum D. Virani, Khushi R. Patel, Shelly Bhatt: Writing- original draft and manuscript preparation, and Tejas M. Dhameliya: Conceptualization, supervision, writing- original draft and revised manuscript preparation, reviewing & editing; and Sandip P. Dholakia: reviewing & editing.

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Dhameliya, T.M., Vekariya, D.D., Bhatt, P.R. et al. Synthetic account on indoles and their analogues as potential anti-plasmodial agents. Mol Divers (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8

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