Abstract
Global warming can intensify the soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, damaging soil health. Crop residues left on the soil are important to maintain a positive SOM budget and nutrient cycling. But, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) straw has been removed from the field for bioenergy purposes. We hypothesize that global warming, together with straw removal, will negatively impact Brazil’s ethanol carbon footprint. Thus, we conducted an experiment under controlled conditions to evaluate the impacts of warming and straw removal on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil carbon and nitrogen storage, and nutrient cycling. Two soils (Rhodic Acrisol and Eutric Nitisol) were tested with three rates of sugarcane straw removal (no removal (NR): equivalent to 12 Mg ha−1; medium removal (MR): 6 Mg ha−1; and total removal (TR): bare soil) and submitted to two temperatures (24 °C and 30 °C) and soil moistures (30% and 50%). Straw decomposition was stimulated by lower rates of straw removal, resulting in increases on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions between 5 to 14 times, and N2O between 25 and 40%. There were no significant methane (CH4) fluxes. Soil carbon and nitrogen did not change due to straw removal, yet labile carbon fractions (living and non-living) were highly impacted, causing reductions of 15 to 40% on the carbon management index (CMI). Furthermore, straw removal reduced nutrient cycling between 10 and 30%. Overall, in a scenario of warming, our findings point to an intensification of SOM dynamic, resulting in increases of 35% on the GHG emissions and a CMI reduction by 20%. In practical terms, at least 6 Mg ha−1 of straw should be left in the field, guaranteeing raw-material for bioenergy, without causing major impacts on the GHG emission and soil attributes.
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Acknowledgments
This work is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Carlos C. Cerri. We would like to thank the RAÍZEN group for allowing us to collect sugarcane straw and soil of our experiment in their areas. We also thank Paul Lineker de Amaral, Ralf Araújo, Lilian Duarte, and Admilson Margato for the assistance in the experiment conduction. The Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) provided funding support for this research (Project #14.2.0773.1). GVP thanks the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq-Brazil #134606/2015-9) for providing their scholarships. AKBS thanks the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for providing his scholarships. TPO thanks the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under grant number SFI/12/RC/2289, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund. MSN thank the Foundation for Research and Scientific and Technological Development of Maranhão and National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (FAPEMA/CNPq #03572/2016).
Funding
Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES).
National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq).
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
Science Foundation Ireland (SFI).
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Popin, G.V., Santos, A.K.B., Oliveira, T.d.P. et al. Sugarcane straw management for bioenergy: effects of global warming on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon storage. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 25, 559–577 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09880-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09880-7