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Advances in intervention methods and brain protection mechanisms of in situ and remote ischemic postconditioning

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Abstract

Ischemic postconditioning (PostC) conventionally refers to a series of brief blood vessel occlusions and reperfusions, which can induce an endogenous neuroprotective effect and reduce cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Depending on the site of adaptive ischemic intervention, PostC can be classified as in situ ischemic postconditioning (ISPostC) and remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC). Many studies have shown that ISPostC and RIPostC can reduce cerebral IS injury through protective mechanisms that increase cerebral blood flow after reperfusion, decrease antioxidant stress and anti-neuronal apoptosis, reduce brain edema, and regulate autophagy as well as Akt, MAPK, PKC, and KATP channel cell signaling pathways. However, few studies have compared the intervention methods, protective mechanisms, and cell signaling pathways of ISPostC and RIPostC interventions. Thus, in this article, we compare the history, common intervention methods, neuroprotective mechanisms, and cell signaling pathways of ISPostC and RIPostC.

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Abbreviations

I/R:

Ischemia/reperfusion

PostC:

Ischemic postconditioning

RIPostC:

Remote ischemic postconditioning

ISPostC:

In situ ischemia postconditoning

MCAO:

Middle cerebral artery occlusion

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Acknowledgments

We thank Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China (www.liwenbianji.cn/ac), for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31560295). The Yunnan province research innovation team for the effect of neurodevelopmental regulatory factors in neural repair and clinical application (Kunming medical university) (No.2018HC084) Yunnan Applied Basic Research Projects (No.2018FE001(-163), 2018FE001(-016)). The project of major scientific and technological achievements cultivation of Kunming Medical University (No. CGPY201802).

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  1. Jian-Hui Guo and Li-Yan Li contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China

    Chun-Yan Li, Wei Ma, Kuang-Pin Liu, Xian-Bin Wang, Wei Liu, Jie Liu, Yu Liang, Xing-Kui Zhang, Jun-Jun Li & Li-Yan Li

  2. Second Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China

    Jin-Wei Yang, Zhen Wu, Tong Zhang, Jia-Wei Wang & Jian-Hui Guo

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  1. Chun-Yan Li
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Li-Yan Li and Jian-Hui Guo designed and provided the funds and financial supports for this research. Chun-Yan Li, Yun-Fei Dai, Wei Ma, Kuang-Pin Liu, Jin-Wei Yang, Xian-Bin Wang, Zheng Wu, Tong Zhang and Jia-Wei Wang carried out the experimental study. Wei Liu, Jie Liu, Yu Liang, Xing-Kui Zhang, Jun-Jun Li analyzed data. Chun-Yan Li, Li-Yan Li and Jian-Hui Guo wrote the manuscript. All Authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Li, CY., Ma, W., Liu, KP. et al. Advances in intervention methods and brain protection mechanisms of in situ and remote ischemic postconditioning. Metab Brain Dis 36, 53–65 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-020-00562-x

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