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A recent review of aviation fuels and sustainable aviation fuels

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Abstract

Aviation fuels are essential for flight transportation. The increasing demand for such fuels threatens the present efforts to mitigate global warming. Changing to renewable energy sources and hydrogen to drive airplanes is not ready and will take a few decades. Therefore, alternative fuels such as sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs, also so-called bio-jet fuels) could play an excellent role in mitigating greenhouse emissions. SAFs encompass blends of bio and synthetic fuels. Some SAF pathways have already been certified (such as oil-to-jet, alcohol-to-jet, gas-to-jet, and sugar-to-jet), and some are on the way to being certified. This review starts by providing a detailed overview of the current status of aviation fuels, including their growth, types, and emission trends. After that, it comprehensively delves into a thorough discussion of SAFs, covering various aspects such as their types, combustion properties, production technologies and pathways, cost evolution, and life cycle assessments. The paper discusses the SAFs’ future prospects while providing practical recommendations based on the analysis. It was shown that the oil-to-fuel (HEFA) pathway is more mature with less carbon emissions. SAFs face challenges, including high costs, limited production scale, feedstock availability, energy-intensive production methods, land-use competition, potential indirect environmental impacts, certification standards, infrastructure, and public acceptance. Much research is needed to reduce SAF costs substantially less than conventional aviation fuels.

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Abbreviations

ADV. LI-ION:

Advanced lithium-ion battery

AG:

Algae

Al:

Alkaline water electrolysis

APR:

Aqueous phase reforming

ATJ:

Alcohol-to-jet

CHJ:

Catalytic hydrothermolytic jet

DAC:

Direct air capture

DSHC:

Direct sugar to hydrocarbon

EC:

Edible crops

FT:

Fischer–Tropsch process

HDCJ:

Hydrotreated depolymerized cellulosic jet

HEFA:

Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids

IH2:

Integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion

LI-AIR:

Lithium-air battery

LB:

Lignocellulosic biomass

LI-ION:

Lithium-ion battery

LI–S:

Lithium-sulfur battery

LI-SSB:

Solid-state battery

LUC:

Land use change

MeOH:

Methanol synthesis process

NEC:

Non-edible crops

OW:

Oleochemical waste

PEM:

Proton/polymer exchange membrane water electrolysis

PS:

Point source carbon-capturing

SAF:

Sustainable aviation fuels

SF:

Syngas fermentation

SOE:

Solid oxide electrolysis (water electrolysis or co-electrolysis)

SuF:

Sugar fermentation and alcohol upgrading

THC:

Thermochemical water splitting

APR:

Aqueous phase reforming

ARA:

Applied research associates

ASTM:

American society for testing and materials

ATAG:

Air transport action group

ATJ:

Alcohol-to-jet

CH:

Catalytic hydrothermolysis

CHJ:

Catalytic hydrothermolysis jet fuel

CID:

Cetane ignition delay

CJF:

Conventional jet fuels

CTH:

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation

DCN:

Derived cetane number

DSHC:

Direct sugar-to-hydrocarbon

FEL:

Flame extinction limit

FIT:

Fuel ignition tester

FOG:

Fats, oils, and greases

FT:

Fisher–Tropsch

FTKs:

Freight ton-kilometers

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

GTJ:

Gas-to-jet

GWP:

Global warming potential

HDCJ:

Hydroprocessed depolymerized cellulosic jet

HFS:

Hydroprocessing of fermented sugars

IATA:

International Air Transport Association

ICAO:

International Civil Aviation Organization

IQT:

Ignition quality tester

LCA:

Life cycle assessment

LFS:

Laminar flame speed

LNG:

Liquefied natural gas

MJFSP:

Minimum jet fuel selling price

NZE:

Net-zero emission

OTJ:

Oil-to-jet

RCM:

Rapid compression machine

RPKs:

Revenue passenger kilometers

SIP:

Synthesized isoparaffins

SP:

Smoke point

SPK:

Synthesized paraffinic kerosene

STJ:

Sugar-to-jet

USD:

United State dollar

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the support from the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Aviation and Space Exploration, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Aerospace Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Naef A. A. Qasem

  2. Laboratoire de Physique Quantique de la Matière et Modélisation Mathématique (LPQ3M), University of Mascara, Mascara, Algeria

    Abed Mourad & Aissa Abderrahmane

  3. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE

    Zafar Said

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

    Obai Younis

  5. Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

    Kamel Guedri

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il City, Saudi Arabia

    Lioua Kolsi

  7. Laboratory of Metrology and Energy Systems, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia

    Lioua Kolsi

  8. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Aviation and Space Exploration, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Naef A. A. Qasem

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Qasem, N.A.A., Mourad, A., Abderrahmane, A. et al. A recent review of aviation fuels and sustainable aviation fuels. J Therm Anal Calorim (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-13027-5

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