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Impact of thermal radiative Carreau ternary hybrid nanofluid dynamics in solar aircraft with entropy generation: significance of energy in solar aircraft

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Abstract

The main source of thermal energy is the sun, and with the increase in solar technology, it is now being utilized in many devices such as sun-based panels, photovoltaic cells, batteries and lights, solar fabric, solar water pumping, etc. Nowadays, improvement in flight effectiveness of solar aircraft by utilizing solar energy and nanotechnology is being studied by many scientists. This article is also based on studying the effectiveness of solar aircraft based on solar energy and nanotechnology. For this purpose, few properties of heat transfer among symmetrical wings will be analysed such as porous surface, thermal radiation, convective condition and heat source/sink. It is considered that the ternary hybrid nanofluid moves through the internal side of parabolic trough solar collector. The current study examines the radiative flow of a Carreau tri-hybrid nanoliquid across a convectively heated stretching surface in porous media. Also entropy generation on Carreau fluid is analysed in this work. Energy equation is modelled through heat source/sink and thermal radiation. The well-established numeric technique BVP4c has been used to solve the system of differential equations in the form of concentration, energy and momentum. Several flow variables on fluid velocity, temperature, drag friction, the Nusselt, entropy generation and Bejan number are described in figures and tables. The main outcomes of the current investigation are that the velocity and temperature lowered with augmenting values of Weissenberg number \({\text{We}}\). Results will prove that THNF is larger in the case of HNF and NF. Further, the drag friction and thermal efficiency of Thnf (\({\text{MoS}}_{2} + {\text{SiO}}_{2} + {\text{Fe}}_{3} {\text{O}}_{4} {\text{/EG}}\)), Hnf (\({\text{MoS}}_{2} + {\text{SiO}}_{2} {\text{/EG}}\)) and Nf (\({\text{MoS}}_{2} {\text{/EG}}\)) are computed in percentage with numerous values. The second finding is the addition of entropy due to the increasing magnitude of radiative flow, Carreau fluid variable. When comparing the current results to the reported results, we get a close match.

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Abbreviations

THNF:

Ternary hybrid nanofluid

HNF:

Hybrid nanofluid

Nanofluid:

Nanofluid

PTSC:

Parabolic trough solar collector

SAF:

Solar aircraft

\({\text{We}}\) :

Weissenberg parameter

\(n\) :

Power index number

\(S\) :

Suction/injection

\(K\) :

Porous medium material

\({\text{Pr}}\) :

Prandtl number

\({\text{Rd}}\) :

Radiation parameter

\(\delta\) :

Heat source/sink parameter

\(f^{\prime }\) :

Dimensionless velocity

\(\theta\) :

Dimensionless temperature

\({\text{Bi}}\) :

Biot number

\({\text{Re}}_{{\text{x}}}\) :

Local Reynolds number

\(C_{{{\text{fx}}}}\) :

Skin friction coefficient

\({\text{Nu}}_{{\text{x}}}\) :

Nusselt number

\(a\) :

Constant

\(x,y\) :

Cartesian coordinate, \({\text{m}}\)

\(c_{{\text{p}}}\) :

Specific heat, \({\text{J}}\;{\text{kg}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{K}}^{ - 1}\)

\(g\) :

Acceleration due to gravity, \({\text{m}}\;{\text{s}}^{ - 2}\)

\(\mu_{{\text{f}}}\) :

Dynamic viscosity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{ms}}^{ - 1}\)

\(v_{{\text{f}}}\) :

Kinematic viscosity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\alpha_{{\text{f}}}\) :

Thermal diffusivity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(k\) :

Thermal conductivity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}\;{\text{Ks}}^{ - 3}\)

\(\rho_{{\text{f}}}\) :

Density of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{ms}}^{ - 3}\)

\(T_{{\text{w}}}\) :

Wall temperature, \({\text{K}}\)

\(T_{\infty }\) :

Ambient temperature, \({\text{K}}\)

\(q_{{\text{r}}}\) :

Radiative heat flux, \({\text{W}}\;{\text{m}}^{ - 2}\)

\(U_{{\text{w}}}\) :

Stretching velocity, \({\text{m}}\;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\mu_{{{\text{Thnf}}}}\) :

Dynamic viscosity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{ms}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\nu_{{{\text{Thnf}}}}\) :

Kinematic viscosity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\alpha_{{{\text{Thnf}}}}\) :

Thermal diffusivity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(k_{{{\text{Thnf}}}}\) :

Thermal conductivity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}\;{\text{Ks}}^{ - 3}\)

\(\rho_{{{\text{Thnf}}}}\) :

Density of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{m}}^{ - 3}\)

\((c_{\rm p} )_{{{\text{Thnf}}}}\) :

Specific heat, \({\text{J}}\;{\text{kg}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{K}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\mu_{{{\text{hnf}}}}\) :

Dynamic viscosity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{ms}}^{ - 1}\)

\(v_{{{\text{hnf}}}}\) :

Kinematic viscosity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\alpha_{{{\text{hnf}}}}\) :

Thermal diffusivity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(k_{{{\text{hnf}}}}\) :

Thermal conductivity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}\;{\text{Ks}}^{ - 3}\)

\(\rho_{{{\text{hnf}}}}\) :

Density of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{m}}^{ - 3}\)

\((c_{{\text{p}}} )_{{{\text{hnf}}}}\) :

Specific heat, \({\text{J}}\;{\text{kg}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{K}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\mu_{{{\text{nf}}}}\) :

Dynamic viscosity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{ms}}^{ - 1}\)

\(v_{{{\text{nf}}}}\) :

Kinematic viscosity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(\alpha_{{{\text{nf}}}}\) :

Thermal diffusivity of EG, \({\text{m}}^{2} \;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

\(k_{{{\text{nf}}}}\) :

Thermal conductivity of EG, \({\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}\;{\text{Ks}}^{ - 3}\)

\(\rho_{{{\text{nf}}}}\) :

Density of EG, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{m}}^{ - 3}\)

\((c_{{\text{p}}} )_{{{\text{nf}}}}\) :

Specific heat, \({\text{J}}\;{\text{kg}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{K}}^{ - 1}\)

\(1,{\text{MoS}}_{2}\) :

Molybdenum disulphide

\(2,{\text{SiO}}_{2}\) :

Silicon dioxide

\(3,{\text{Fe}}_{{3}} {\text{O}}_{{4}}\) :

Iron oxide

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Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R411), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Gulshan-E-Iqbal Karachi, 75300, Pakistan

    Farhan Ali & A. Zaib

  2. Department of Mathematics Government City College, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500002, India

    Srinivas Reddy

  3. Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mansoor H. Alshehri

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea

    Nehad Ali Shah

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Ali, F., Zaib, A., Reddy, S. et al. Impact of thermal radiative Carreau ternary hybrid nanofluid dynamics in solar aircraft with entropy generation: significance of energy in solar aircraft. J Therm Anal Calorim 149, 1495–1513 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12734-9

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