Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A novel comprehensive energy, exergy and sustainability analysis of a diesel engine powered by binary blends of juliflora biodiesel and nanoparticles

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The reduced performance of a diesel engine with biodiesel can be overcome by inclusion of nanoparticles. This study uses a novel binary mixture of Prosopis juliflora biodiesel (PJB) and 200 ppm of metal-based nanoparticles [cerium oxide (CeO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), and titanium dioxide (TiO2)], to operate and examine the behaviour of a four-stroke, one-cylinder, naturally aspirated, water-cooled diesel engine. The work comprises a new comparison of energy, exergy, and sustainability performance through energy distribution and utilisation inside the engine using first and second laws of thermodynamics for the fuel samples PJB0, PJB100, PJB100Ce, PJB100Mn, and PJB100Ti. The boundary conditions for the analysis are set to a compression ratio of 17.5, an engine speed of 1500 rpm, and injection timing of 23° crank angle bTDC. The addition of various nanoparticles into the pure PJB fuel increased the energy and exergy efficiency by 6.1–7.3%, the exergy performance coefficient by 9.9–14.6%, and the sustainability index by 3.6–6.8% and reduced the exergy destruction by 3.5–6.4% at full engine load. Among the various blends analysed, PJB100Ti performed superiorly as compared to others. From the detailed analysis, energy, exergy, and sustainability provide insightful information about the engine’s operation and its impact on the engine system. The adoption of nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel is not only a promising alternative in the search for cleaner but also more effective energy sources. This study suggests more investigation and development in the areas of alternative fuels, engine optimization, and the development of sustainable energy solutions.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

This paper was published with all the data that is generated or analysed during this investigation.

Abbreviations

ASTM:

American Standard Testing Method

bTDC:

Before top dead centre

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CA:

Crank angle

CeO2 :

Cerium oxide

CI:

Compression ignition

CN:

Cetane number

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CR:

Compression ratio

DI:

Direct injection

MnO2 :

Manganese dioxide

PJB0:

Pure diesel

PJB100:

100% Of Prosopis juliflora biodiesel

PJB100Ce:

100% Of Prosopis juliflora biodiesel + 200 ppm CeO2 nanoparticles

PJB100Mn:

100% Of Prosopis juliflora biodiesel + 200 ppm MnO2 nanoparticles

PJB100Ti:

100% Of Prosopis juliflora biodiesel + 200 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles

ppm:

Parts Per Million

SI:

Sustainability index

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

Ta :

Ambient air temperature

T1 :

Cooling water temperature at inlet

T2 :

Cooling water temperature at outlet

T5 :

Exhaust gas temperature at outlet

References

  1. Sundar Rajan P, Gopinath KP, Greetham D, Antonysamy AJ. A review on cleaner production of biofuel feedstock from integrated CO2 sequestration and wastewater treatment system. J Clean Prod. 2019;210:445–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Mishra S, Shende V. Performance analysis of a CI engine powered by different generations of biodiesel; Palm oil, Jatropha, and microalgae. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2023.

  3. Devi DS, Kumar R, Rajak U. Plastic waste as a biofuel feedstock—a conceptual study. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2021;1116:012029.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Faisal A, Javed F, Hassan M, Gorji M, Akram S, Rashid N, et al. Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil—a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2021;13(8):7043–50.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chinni G, Alarifi IM, Rahimi-Gorji M, Asmatulu R. Investigating the effects of process parameters on microalgae growth, lipid extraction, and stable nanoemulsion productions. J Mol Liq. 2019;291:111308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Mujtaba M, Kalam MA, Masjuki H, Razzaq L, Khan HM, Soudagar MEM, et al. Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends. Renew Energy. 2021;179:1447–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Tayari S, Abedi R, Rahi AJRE. Comparative assessment of engine performance and emissions fueled with three different biodiesel generations. Renew Energy. 2020;147:1058–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ong HC, Masjuki H, Mahlia TI, Silitonga A, Chong W, Yusaf TJE. Engine performance and emissions using Jatropha curcas. Ceiba pentandra and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in a CI diesel engine. 2014;69:427–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Devi DS, Kumar R, Rajak U. Experimental investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled by blends of waste plastic oil with diesel. Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utili Environ Eff. 2022;44(3):7693–708.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Elkelawy M, Bastawissi HAE, El Shenawy EA, Taha M, Panchal H, Sadasivuni KK. Study of performance, combustion, and emissions parameters of DI-diesel engine fueled with algae biodiesel/diesel/n-pentane blends. Energy Convers Manag X. 2021;10:100058.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nouri M, Isfahani AHM, Shirneshan A. Effects of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 nanoparticle-diesel fuel blends on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Clean Technol Environ Policy. 2021;23(8):2265–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hoang AT, Balasubramanian D, Venugopal IP, Rajendran V, Nguyen DT, Lawrence KR, et al. A feasible and promising approach for diesel engine fuelled with a blend of biodiesel and low-viscosity Cinnamon oil: a comprehensive analysis of performance, combustion, and exergy. J Clean Prod. 2023;401:136682.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Rajpoot AS, Saini G, Chelladurai HM, Shukla A, Choudhary T. Comparative combustion, emission, and performance analysis of a diesel engine using Carbon Nanotube (CNT) blended with three different generations of biodiesel. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2023.

  14. Kumar KG, Hani EHB, Assad MEH, Rahimi-Gorji M, Nadeem S. A novel approach for investigation of heat transfer enhancement with ferromagnetic hybrid nanofluid by considering solar radiation. Microsyst Technol. 2021;27:97–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Manigandan S, Sarweswaran R, Devi PB, Sohret Y, Kondratiev A, Venkatesh S, et al. Comparative study of nanoadditives TiO2, CNT, Al2O3, CuO and CeO2 on reduction of diesel engine emission operating on hydrogen fuel blends. Fuel. 2020;262:116336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Rajak U, Sahu MK. Comparison of the effect of CeO2 and CuO2 nanoparticles on performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled with Neochloris oleoabundans algae biodiesel. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2023.

  17. Soudagar MEM, Nik-Ghazali N-N, Kalam MA, Badruddin I, Banapurmath N, Akram N. The effect of nano-additives in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends: a comprehensive review on stability, engine performance and emission characteristics. Energy Convers Manag. 2018;178:146–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Patel NK. Effect of graphene nanoparticles on the behavior of a CI engine fueled with Jatropha biodiesel. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2023.

  19. Kumar KG, Reddy MG, Aldalbahi A, Rahimi-Gorji M, Rahaman M. Application of different hybrid nanofluids in convective heat transport of Carreau fluid. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020;141:110350.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Saxena V, Kumar N, Saxena VK. A comprehensive review on combustion and stability aspects of metal nanoparticles and its additive effect on diesel and biodiesel fuelled CI engine. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;70:563–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Asokan M, Prabu SS, Bade PKK, Nekkanti VM, Gutta SSGJE. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of juliflora biodiesel fuelled DI diesel engine. Energy. 2019;173:883–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rajamohan S, Gopal AH, Muralidharan KR, Huang Z, Paramasivam B, Ayyasamy T, et al. Evaluation of oxidation stability and engine behaviors operated by Prosopis juliflora biodiesel/diesel fuel blends with presence of synthetic antioxidant. Sustain Energy Technol Assess. 2022;52:102086.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gavhane R, Kate A, Soudagar MEM, Wakchaure V, Balgude S, Rizwanul Fattah I, et al. Influence of silica nano-additives on performance and emission characteristics of Soybean biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. Energies. 2021;14(5):1489.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Panahi HKS, Dehhaghi M, Orooji Y, Shahbeik H, Mahian O, et al. Applications of nanotechnology in biodiesel combustion and post-combustion stages. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2023;182:113414.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mahian O, Mirzaie MR, Kasaeian A, Mousavi SH. Exergy analysis in combined heat and power systems: a review. Energy Convers Manag. 2020;226:113467.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Venugopal IP, Balasubramanian D, Rajarajan A, Suresh K. Quantification of φ-operating range with impact of exhaust gas recirculation under low-temperature combustion mode with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether: a perspective study. J Clean Prod. 2023;411:137298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Razmara M, Bidarvatan M, Shahbakhti M. Optimal exergy-based control of internal combustion engines. Appl Energy. 2016;183:1389–403.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sayin Kul B, Kahraman AJE. Energy and exergy analyses of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel–diesel blends containing 5% bioethanol. Entropy. 2016;18(11):387.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bora BJ, Saha UK. Estimating the theoretical performance limits of a biogas powered dual fuel diesel engine using emulsified rice bran biodiesel as pilot fuel. J Energy Resour Technol. 2016;138(2).

  30. Paul A, Panua R, Debroy DJE. An experimental study of combustion, performance, exergy and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled by diesel–ethanol–biodiesel blends. Energy. 2017;141:839–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi RJRE. Availability analysis, performance, combustion and emission behavior of bael oil–diesel–diethyl ether blends in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. Renew Energy. 2018;119:235–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Verma S, Das LM, Kaushik SC, Tyagi SK. An experimental investigation of exergetic performance and emission characteristics of hydrogen supplemented biogas–diesel dual fuel engine. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2018;43(4):2452–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang X, Sun BG, Luo QH. Energy and exergy analysis of a turbocharged hydrogen internal combustion engine. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019;44(11):5551–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mahabadipour H, Srinivasan KK, Krishnan SR. An exergy analysis methodology for internal combustion engines using a multi-zone simulation of dual fuel low temperature combustion. Appl Energy. 2019;256:113952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bhatti SS, Verma S, Tyagi SK. Energy and exergy based performance evaluation of variable compression ratio spark ignition engine based on experimental work. Therm Sci Eng Prog. 2019;9:332–9.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Dhyani V, Subramanian KA. Experimental based comparative exergy analysis of a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with different gaseous (CNG, HCNG, and hydrogen) fuels. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019;44(36):20440–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sarkar A, Saha UK. Energetic and exergetic analyses of a dual-fuel diesel engine run on preheated intake biogas–air mixture and oxygenated pilot fuels. J Energy Eng. 2020;146(5):04020046.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Krishnamoorthi M, Sreedhara S, Duvvuri PP. Experimental, numerical and exergy analyses of a dual fuel combustion engine fuelled with syngas and biodiesel/diesel blends. Appl Energy. 2020;263:114643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chaudhary V, Gakkhar RP. Exergy analysis of small DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel. Energy Sour Part A Recovery Util Environ Eff. 2021;43(2):201–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jafarmadar S, Amini Niaki SR. Experimental exergy analyses in a DI diesel engine fuelled with a mixture of diesel fuel and TiO2 nano-particle. Environ Prog Sustain Energy. 2022;41(1):e13703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Raja E, Premjeyakumar M. Potent effect of Prosopis juliflora (biodiesel + isopropanol + diesel) fueled with diesel engine and egr alteration. Clean Eng Technol. 2021;4:100205.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Oni BA, Sanni SE, Orodu DO, Ogunkunle TF. Comparing the effects of juliflora biodiesel doped with nano-additives on the performance of a compression ignition (CI) engine: Part A. Energy. 2022;244:122635.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rajak U, Ağbulut Ü, Veza I, Dasore A, Sarıdemir S, Verma TN. Numerical and experimental investigation of CI engine behaviours supported by zinc oxide nanomaterial along with diesel fuel. Energy. 2022;239:122424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Doğan B, Erol D. The investigation of energy and exergy analyses in compression ignition engines using diesel/biodiesel fuel blends—a review. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2023;148(5):1765–82.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Karagoz M, Uysal C, Agbulut U, Saridemir S. Energy, exergy, economic and sustainability assessments of a compression ignition diesel engine fueled with tire pyrolytic oil–diesel blends. J Clean Prod. 2020;264:121724.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rajpoot AS, Choudhary T, Chelladurai H, Verma TN, Pugazhendhi A. Sustainability analysis of spirulina biodiesel and their bends on a diesel engine with energy, exergy and emission (3E’s) parameters. Fuel. 2023;349:128637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Uysal C, Ağbulut Ü, Elibol E, Demirci T, Karagoz M, Saridemir S. Exergetic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of diesel–biodiesel fuel blends including synthesized graphene oxide nanoparticles. Fuel. 2022;327:125167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Krishnan MG, Rajkumar S. Effects of dual fuel combustion on performance, emission and energy–exergy characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with diesel–isobutanol and biodiesel–isobutanol. Energy. 2022;252:124022.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ma B, Yao A, Yao C, Wu T, Wang B, Gao J, et al. Exergy loss analysis on diesel methanol dual fuel engine under different operating parameters. Appl Energy. 2020;261:114483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Godiganur VS, Nayaka S, Kumar G. Thermal barrier coating for diesel engine application–a review. Mater Today Proc. 2021;45:133–7.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Özcan H. Energy and exergy analyses of Al2O3–diesel–biodiesel blends in a diesel engine. Int J Exergy. 2019;28(1):29–45.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Rath MK, Mohanta DK. Exergy and energy analysis of compression ignition engine using diesel and karanja oil blends under varying compression ratio and engine load. Biofuels. 2023;14(2):173–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kavitha K, Jayaprabakar J, Prabhu A. Exergy and energy analyses on biodiesel–diesel–ethanol blends in a diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy. 2022;43(1):778–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rai RK, Sahoo RR. Engine performance, emission, and sustainability analysis with diesel fuel-based Shorea robusta methyl ester biodiesel blends. Fuel. 2021;292:120234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ge S, Brindhadevi K, Xia C, Khalifa AS, Elfasakhany A, Unpaprom Y, et al. Enhancement of the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of spirulina microalgae biodiesel blends using nanoparticles. Fuel. 2022;308:121822.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gad M, Aziz MMA, Kayed H. Impact of different nano additives on performance, combustion, emissions and exergetic analysis of a diesel engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel. Propuls Power Res. 2022;11(2):209–23.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur (M.P.)

Funding

The authors received no funding (institutional, private and/or corporate financial support) for the work reported in their manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design, and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Aman Singh Rajpoot, Tushar Choudhary & Hussain Mohamed Chelladurai

  2. Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Gaurav Dwivedi

Authors
  1. Aman Singh Rajpoot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tushar Choudhary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hussain Mohamed Chelladurai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gaurav Dwivedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ASR was involved in conceptualisation, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing, writing—original draft, formal analysis, TC contributed to supervision, conceptualisation, formal analysis, writing—reviewing and editing, HC was involved in visualisation, conceptualisation, writing—reviewing and editing, and GD: contributed to visualisation, validation, editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tushar Choudhary.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

The methods used in this investigation were all carried out in compliance with institutional and/or national research and ethical standards.

Consent to publish

The authors grant the publisher the sole and exclusive license of the full copyright of this contribution.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rajpoot, A.S., Choudhary, T., Chelladurai, H.M. et al. A novel comprehensive energy, exergy and sustainability analysis of a diesel engine powered by binary blends of juliflora biodiesel and nanoparticles. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 11981–11997 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12473-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12473-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation