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Systematic process hazard assessment of three kinds of solid organic peroxides with kinetic analysis and heat transfer equilibrium

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Abstract

Organic peroxide (OP) has been applied in the industry for at least 40 years. Driven by significant investments in today’s high-profile energy, petrochemical, and polymer industries, the market and applications of OPs are expanding rapidly. However, the self-reactive nature has led to continuous research work on this topic. Nevertheless, tremendous progress has been made in hazard analysis, which has improved existing protocols or led to the discovery of new safety methods. OPs still cause related chemical hazards, and the limitations related to process hazards remain to be resolved. There is a lack of comprehensive systematic analysis of the process hazards of a wide variety of OPs. Different OPs, namely BPO, LPO, and the emerging OP, HTP-65W, were selected for investigation with several calorimetry techniques based on thermokinetic and heat transfer models. Determination methods have a crucial role in an operator for obtaining a systematic understanding of hazard properties under different process conditions, which is related to avoiding the occurrence of process disasters. For example, LPO has a shorter TMRad and TCL (< 1 min) than BPO and HTP-65W, indicating that LPO can be classified as an obvious hazardous material. Moreover, SADT < 25 °C can be used for evaluating LPO’s cooling system efficiency.

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Abbreviations

A :

Pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation (s−1)

A (α):

Pre-exponential factor at conversion (s−1)

A′(α):

Amended pre-exponential factor by a product of \(A (\alpha )\) and \(f (\alpha )\) (s−1)

C p :

Specific heat capacity (J g−1 K−1)

CT :

Control temperature (°C)

E a :

Apparent activation energy (kJ mol−1)

E(α):

Apparent activation energy factor at conversion (kJ mol−1)

ET :

Emergency temperature (°C)

f(α):

Kinetics function (dimensionless)

i :

Component number (dimensionless)

n :

Reaction order (dimensionless)

n 1, n 2 :

Reaction orders of a specific stage (dimensionless)

Q∞ i:

Reaction calorific effect (W)

q :

Heat flow rate (W)

R :

Gas constant (J mol−1 K−1)

r :

Reaction rate constant (mol L−1 s−1)

SADT :

Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (°C)

t :

Time (min)

T :

Temperature of sample (K)

TCL :

Time to conversion limit (day, hr or min)

T 0 :

Apparent exothermic onset temperature (°C)

TMR :

Time to maximum rate (day)

TMR ad :

Time to maximum rate under adiabatic conditions (day)

TMR iso :

Time to maximum rate under isothermal conditions (day)

U :

Heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

W :

Heat generation (J s−1)

x :

Unit outer normal on the boundary (dimensionless)

z :

Autocatalytic constant (dimensionless)

∆H d :

Heat of decomposition (J g−1)

α :

Degree conversion of a component (dimensionless)

β :

Heating rate (°C min−1)

λ :

Heat conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the financial support from Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China, under Contract Number 1908085ME125.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 168 Taifeng Street, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China

    Shang-Hao Liu, Yan-Ru Wang & Chen-Rui Cao

  2. Shanghai Chemway Chemical Co., Ltd, Room 1208, Lane 408, Shitai Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai, 200444, China

    Yen-Chun Cheng

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Liu, SH., Wang, YR., Cao, CR. et al. Systematic process hazard assessment of three kinds of solid organic peroxides with kinetic analysis and heat transfer equilibrium. J Therm Anal Calorim 145, 451–466 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09732-6

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