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Effect of Gd3+ substitution on structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles

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Abstract

In this work, we report on the synthesis of Gd3+ substituted BiFeO3 nanoparticles and their structural, chemical, and magnetic characterizations. Single rhombohedral phase is obtained till x = 0.06 in Bi1-xGdxFeO3 nanoparticles, as confirmed by the Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction profiles. Beyond x = 0.06, a mixed phase consisting of both rhombohedral and orthorhombic structures is established. This kind of atom substitution-driven structural change is also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Core-level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy reveals the dominance of the Fe3+ oxidation state and also provides an estimation of oxygen vacancies which are found to be ~ 28% and 17% for x = 0.06 and 0.15 samples, respectively. The width of the hysteresis loop increases with the increase in Gd3+ concentration, suggesting an enhancement in magnetic character in contrast with pure BiFeO3 nanoparticles, and ferromagnetic contribution to the magnetization is estimated to a maximum value of 0.50 emu/g for x = 0.12.

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Highlights

  • BixGd1-xFeO3 nanoparticles with x = 0.0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.10, 0.12 and 0.15 were synthesized by sol-gel method.

  • Substitutional driven structural phase transformation from rhombohedral (R3c) to orthorhombic (Pnma) has been observed.

  • Reduction in oxygen vacancies along with dominance of Fe3+ oxidation state has been observed.

  • Partial suppression of spiral spin structure, surface effect in nanoparticles and DM interactions all together contributed for the observed weak ferromagnetic nature.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the CeNSE facility at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, for RAMAN, TEM, and XPS measurements. HP acknowledges the SVNIT Institute seed money grant 2021-22/DOP/04.

Author contributions

MK conceptualized the idea supervised the work and edited the manuscript. SC performed experimental work and analysed the results. HP analysed the results and prepared the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, 201309, India

    Manoj Kumar

  2. Nanomaterials Lab, Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sunil Chauhan

  3. Department of Physics, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, India

    Himanshu Pandey

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  1. Manoj Kumar
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Correspondence to Manoj Kumar.

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Kumar, M., Chauhan, S. & Pandey, H. Effect of Gd3+ substitution on structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 109, 272–282 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06269-6

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