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Functionalized mesoporous SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 based nanometric glass-ceramic particles with enhanced dispersibility and bioactivity

  • Original Paper: Sol-gel and hybrid materials for biological and health (medical) applications
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Abstract

In this study, bioactive glass-ceramic (BGC) particles were synthesized following the original composition of Bioglass 45S5 consisting of SiO2, CaO, Na2O, and P2O5 with an acid catalyzed sol-gel derived route (Acid-BGC) and with an N-cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) assisted modified Stöber process under basic conditions (Basic-BGC). XRD study of Acid-BGC confirms the complete conversion of bioglass to its glass-ceramic form (crystalline phase), while Basic-BGC indicates a reduced crystalline ceramic conversion with mixed phases. Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy images of Basic-BGC revealed the nanometric particle size distribution. It has been observed that enhancing the CTAB concentration reduces the particle size of Basic-BGC. However, with the reduction in particle size, the mesoporous nature of Basic-BGC particles gets reduced. Hence, 6 mM CTAB concentration was selected as the optimized concentration, which provides particle size within the nanoscale range without losing mesoporous structure. The mesoporous nature of the nanoparticles was also estimated with BET and BJH studies. The Basic-BGC particles were further functionalized with dopamine hydrochloride, glutamic acid, and cystamine dihydrochloride, and their effect on bioactivity and dispersion stability was studied. The bioactivity under exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF) for 10 days was evaluated for Basic-BGC and functionalized Basic-BGCs with XRD, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The formation of apatite crystals on BG surfaces could be established from these characterizations. The surface zeta potential of the particles was measured using the DLS method. Further, a series of in vitro studies were carried out to assess the cytocompatibility of Basic-BGC and functionalized Basic-BGCs, which includes the antimicrobial activity using disk-diffusion method, cytocompatibility utilizing MTT assay, antioxidant property through DPPH radical scavenging activity, DAPI staining of nuclei for identification of viable cells after cell culture on the particles. Finally, the dispersion stability of the particles was studied in different polymer solutions. Overall, the glutamic acid functionalized Basic-BGCs offer significant antibacterial, antioxidant, and bioactivity with good dispersion stability in dilute polymer solutions, ensuring their potential use in electrospinning and bioprinting applications.

Graphical Abstract

The quaternary composition of BGC containing SiO2-CaO-Na2O- P2O5 oxides has been synthesized in the CTAB template assisted modified Stöber process under basic conditions (Basic-BGC) while optimizing CTAB concentration ensured nanoparticles with mesoporous structure. The nano Basic-BGCs were further functionalized with glutamic acid, and functionalization provides enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with superior bioactivity. The dispersion stability of functionalized Basic-BGCs in dilute polycationic and polyanionic solutions enables their potential use in bioprinting and electrospinning.

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Acknowledgements

PS would like to acknowledge DST Inspire Faculty Scheme (DST/INSPIRE/04/2015/000742). JA would like to recognize the fellowship assistance (Institute Ph.D. fellowship) kindly supported by IIEST Shibpur for the Ph.D. program. The authors would also like to acknowledge Prof. Amitava Basu Mallick, Professor, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering-IIEST Shibpur, for the support of DSC characterization and Dr. Partha Bhattacharyya, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, for the help of BET characterization. The Central Research Facility, IIT Kharagpur, facilitated the EDS characterization slot.

Funding

The functionalization part was partially supported by SERB Core Research Grant, Govt. of India, Grant No. CRG/2021/005113.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Advanced Materials, Green Energy and Sensor Systems, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, West Bengal, India

    Jaideep Adhikari

  2. Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, West Bengal, India

    Shalini Dasgupta & Ananya Barui

  3. Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, West Bengal, India

    Manojit Ghosh

  4. Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research (JISIASR) Kolkata, JIS University, GP Block, Sector-5, Salt Lake, 700091, West Bengal, India

    Prosenjit Saha

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Adhikari, J., Dasgupta, S., Barui, A. et al. Functionalized mesoporous SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 based nanometric glass-ceramic particles with enhanced dispersibility and bioactivity. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 106, 757–774 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06074-1

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