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Polycarbazole and its derivatives: progress, synthesis, and applications

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ABSTRACT

Polycarbazole and its derivatives encompass nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic conducting polymers having excellent optoelectronic properties, high charge carrier mobility, and excellent morphological stability, which make them potential candidates in the field of nanodevices, rechargeable batteries and electrochemical transistors. Engrossingly, carbazole moieties can be electropolymerized in two different methods resulting in the formation of poly(2,7-carbazole)s or poly(3,6-carbazole)s derivatives because the 2,7 and 3,6 positions are more active than the others. The fundamental difference between these two polymers is in the bandgap energies and effectual conjugation length. Poly(2,7-carbazole) exhibits more extended conjugation length because of the presence of lower bandgap energy values and the presence of poly para phenylene (PPP) like structure. The pysico-chemical characteristics of the polymers, revamped by employing substituents at various positions and synthetic methods, leading to the generation of highly efficient materials for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. At present, much intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) like polythiophene (PT), poly (p-phenylene) (PPP), polypyrrole (PPY), and polyaniline (PANI) have been diligently investigated. Among these carbazole units are more advantageous because of their intriguing properties includes the presence of bridged biphenyl unit providing a material with a lower bandgap, the inexpensive raw material (9H-carbazole), and the natural functionalizing ability of nitrogen atom. The predominant objective of this review is to effectuate a comprehensive study of carbazole based conducting polymers, its derivatives, applications, and various synthesis methods.

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Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Dr. C. P. Ramanarayanan, Vice-Chancellor of DIAT (DU), Pune for the motivation and support. The first author would like to acknowledge Dr. B. Srinivasulu, Principal Director & Head of CIPET: Institute of Plastics Technology (IPT), Kochi, for the support. The authors are thankful to Mr. Raviprakash Magisetty, Mr. Prakash Gore, and Mr. Swaroop Gharde for their persistent technical support throughout the review writing. The authors are thankful to all anonymous Reviewers and the Editor for improving the quality of the revised manuscript by their valuable suggestions, and comments.

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  1. CIPET: Institute of Plastics Technology (IPT), HIL Colony, Edayar Road, Padalam, Eloor, Udyogamandal PO, Kochi, Kerala, 68350, India

    V. Nayana

  2. Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411025, India

    Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian

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  1. V. Nayana
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Correspondence to Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian.

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Nayana, V., Kandasubramanian, B. Polycarbazole and its derivatives: progress, synthesis, and applications. J Polym Res 27, 285 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02254-7

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