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Consequences of Violent Victimization for Native American Youth in Early Adulthood

  • Empirical Research
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Abstract

Native American youth are at an elevated risk of violent victimization. And because of their vulnerable position in society, they may also be at risk of experiencing a host of adverse consequences as a result of being victimized. Accordingly, using a subsample of 558 Native American youth and two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (49.8 % female; 12–19 years at Wave I; 19–26 years at Wave III), we examined the effects of violent victimization during adolescence on a range of outcomes in early adulthood (poor health, depressive symptoms, suicidality, financial hardship, violent and property offending, alcohol problems, hard drug use, and marijuana use). We also assessed whether youth’s attachments to family and to school moderate the effects of victimization on these outcomes. The results showed that adolescent victimization is linked to a small number of outcomes—poor health, depressive symptoms, and violent offending—and that the protective effects of social attachments are not widespread. Specifically, family attachments moderated the effects of victimization on poor health and depressive symptoms, and school attachments moderated the effects of victimization on property offending. These findings suggest that the consequences of victimization and the protective effects of social attachments may differ for Native American youth, and that further quantitative and qualitative research is necessary to understand these patterns.

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Notes

  1. We measure race/ethnicity at Wave III. Respondents were asked to choose one category to best describe their racial background, choosing from categories of “White,” “Black or African American,” “American Indian or Native American,” “Asian or Pacific Islander,” or “Other.” All respondents who identified as American Indian/Native American were included in our sample. For more information on the Add Health sample, research design, survey content, and data quality, see: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/data/guides/DesignPaperWIIV.pdf.

  2. We do not retain 100 % of cases with this method since we used all variables in the current study to specify chained equations. Cases missing values on multiple variables (on both sides of the imputation equations) were therefore not imputed (4 % of cases). For more information on this procedure, see https://www.stata.com/manuals13/mi.pdf.

  3. Other existing longitudinal data sources that contain information on youth criminal victimization and early adult outcomes tend to use smaller samples that contain few or no Native American respondents (see, e.g., the Rochester Youth Development Study, the Pathways to Desistance Study, and the Pittsburgh Youth Study).

  4. The only exception was for financial hardship in early adulthood, since these questions were not asked of respondents during adolescence. We therefore consider parents’ receipt of public assistance at Wave I as a baseline proxy for financial hardship, and this variable was included as a control in all regression models.

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Acknowledgments

This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health Web site (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/addhealth). No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis.

Author’s Contribution

J.J.T. conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, conducted the analyses, and drafted the manuscript. T.C.P. conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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The authors did not receive funding for this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 112 S. Copeland Street, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA

    Jillian J. Turanovic

  2. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Travis C. Pratt

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Correspondence to Jillian J. Turanovic.

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Turanovic, J.J., Pratt, T.C. Consequences of Violent Victimization for Native American Youth in Early Adulthood. J Youth Adolescence 46, 1333–1350 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0587-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0587-y

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