Abstract
In this paper, we consider a generalization of the elephant random walk model. Compared to the usual elephant random walk, an interesting feature of this model is that the step sizes form a sequence of positive independent and identically distributed random variables instead of a fixed constant. For this model, we establish the law of the iterated logarithm, the central limit theorem, and we obtain rates of convergence in the central limit theorem with respect to the Kolmogorov, Zolotarev and Wasserstein distances. We emphasize that, even in case of the usual elephant random walk, our results concerning the rates of convergence in the central limit theorem are new.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availibility
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
References
Baur, E., Bertoin, J.: Elephant random walks and their connection to Pólya-type urns. Phys. Rev. E 94(5), 052134 (2016)
Bercu, B.: A martingale approach for the elephant random walk. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 51, 015201 (2018)
Bercu, B.: On the elephant random walk with stops playing hide and seek with the Mittag-Leffler distribution. J. Stat. Phys. 189(1), 12 (2022)
Bercu, B., Lucile, L.: On the multi-dimensional elephant random walk. J. Stat. Phys. 175(6), 1146–1163 (2019)
Bercu, B., Lucile, L.: On the center of mass of the elephant random walk. Stoch. Process. Appl. 133(3), 111–128 (2021)
Bertoin, J.: Counting the zeros of an elephant random walk. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 375, 5539–5560 (2022)
Bikelis, A.: Estimates of the remainder term in the central limit theorem. Litovsk. Mat. Sb. 6, 323–346 (1966)
Bobkov, S.G.: Berry-Esseen bounds and Edgeworth expansions in the central limit theorem for transport distances. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 170(1–2), 229–262 (2018)
Bolthausen, E.: Exact convergence rates in some martingale central limit theorems. Ann. Probab. 10, 672–688 (1982)
Coletti, C.F., Gava, R., Schütz, G.M.: Central limit theorem and related results for the elephant random walk. J. Math. Phys. 58(5), 053303 (2017)
Coletti, C.F., Gava, R., Schütz, G.M.: A strong invariance principle for the elephant random walk. J. Stat. Mech. Theory Exp. 12, 123207 (2017)
Dedecker, J., Merlevède, F., Rio, E.: Rates of convergence for minimal distances in the central limit theorem under projective criteria. Electron. J. Probab. 14, 978–1011 (2009)
Dedecker, J., Merlevède, F., Rio, E.: Rates of convergence in the central limit theorem for martingales in the non stationary setting. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Probab. Statist. 58(2), 945–966 (2022)
Dedecker, J., Merlevède, F., Rio, E.: Quadratic transportation cost in the conditional central limit theorem for dependent sequences. hal-03890107. To appear in Annales Henri Lebesgue (2022)
Esseen, C.G.: On the Liapounoff limit of error in the theory of probability. Ark. Mat. Astr. Fys. 28A(9), 19 (1942)
Fan, X., Hu, H., Ma, X.: Cramér moderate deviations for the elephant random walk. J. Stat. Mech: Theory Exp. 2, 023402 (2021)
Fan, X., Shao, Q.: Cramér’s moderate deviations for martingales with applications. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. Ann., to appear (2023)
Grama, I., Haeusler, E.: Large deviations for martingales via Cramér’s method. Stoch. Process. Appl. 85, 279–293 (2000)
Gut, A., Stadtmüller, U.: Variations of the elephant random walk. J. Appl. Probab. 58(3), 805–829 (2021)
Haeusler, E.: On the rate of convergence in the central limit theorem for martingales with discrete and continuous time. Ann. Probab. 16(1), 275–299 (1988)
Hall, P., Heyde, C.C.: Martingale Limit Theory and Its Applications. Academic, New York (1980)
Hayashi, M., Oshiro, S., Takei, M.: Rate of moment convergence in the central limit theorem for the elephant random walk. J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. 2023, 023202 (2023)
Hu, Z., Feng, Q.: The enhanced strong invariance principle for the elephant random walk. Commun. Stat. Theory Methods (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2022.2092749
Laulin, L.: New insights on the reinforced elephant random walk using a martingale approach. J. Stat. Phys. 186(1), 1–23 (2022)
Ma, X., El Machkouri, M., Fan, X.: On Wasserstein-1 distance in the central limit theorem for elephant random walk. J. Math. Phys. 63(1), 013301 (2022)
Rio, E.: Upper bounds for minimal distances in the central limit theorem. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 45(3), 802–817 (2009)
Schütz, G.M., Trimper, S.: Elephants can always remember: exact long-range memory effects in a non-Markovian random walk. Phys. Rev. E 70(4), 045101 (2004)
Shao, Q.M.: Almost sure invariance principles for mixing sequences of random variables. Stoch. Process. Appl. 48(2), 319–334 (1993)
Vázquez Guevara, V.H.: On the almost sure central limit theorem for the elephant random walk. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 52(47), 475201 (2019)
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the referees for their suggestions and helpful comments. The work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11971063 and 12371155).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by Gregory Schehr.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dedecker, J., Fan, X., Hu, H. et al. Rates of Convergence in the Central Limit Theorem for the Elephant Random Walk with Random Step Sizes. J Stat Phys 190, 154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-023-03168-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-023-03168-6
Keywords
- Elephant random walk
- Law of the iterated logarithm
- Normal approximations
- Wassertein’s distance
- Berry–Esseen bounds
- Central limit theorem