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Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium of the Ternary System NH4Cl-(NH2)2CO-H2O at Multiple Temperatures

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Abstract

Solid–liquid phase equilibria of the ternary system NH4Cl–(NH2)2CO–H2O at 283.15 K, 313.15 K and 353.15 K were measured by the method of isothermal solution equilibrium. Solubility data of the system were determined by volumetric and colorimetric methods; solid phases were analyzed by Schreinemaker's method of wet residues and X-ray powder diffraction. The triangle phase diagrams were drawn and the experimental data were fitted with Wilson and NRTL models. Each phase diagram includes one double salt, two eutectic points, three isothermal solubility curves, and five crystallization regions. The composition of the double salt is xNH4Cl·(NH2)2CO, the value of x reduces from 4.58 to 1.95 with the experimental temperature rising. The values of RAD and RMSD with Wilson model are 4.48% and 2.52% that with NRTL model are 4.19% and 1.77%; which indicates that the two thermodynamic models can fit the experimental data very well.

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The results in the submitted work are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation (including image based manipulation). No data, text, or theories by others are presented.

Abbreviations

ΔC p :

Heat capacity difference, J·mol−1·k−1

f i :

Fugacity of component i

\(f_{i}^{0}\) :

Fugacity of pure subcooled liquid of component i

g E :

Excess Gibbs energy J·mol−1

G ij ,G ji :

Binary parameter in NRTL model

g ij ,g ji :

Binary energy parameter in NRTL model

ΔH m :

Melting enthalpy at Tm J·mol−1

ΔH tp :

Melting enthalpy at Ttp J·mol−1

m :

Number of components

N :

Number of experiments

R :

Gas constant 8.314 J·mol−1·k−1

T :

Temperature K

T m :

Melting temperature K

T tp :

Triple point temperature K

V i :

Molar liquid volume of pure component i m3·mol−1

w i :

Mass fraction solubility %

x i :

Mole fraction solubility %

α ij :

Non-random parameter in NRTL model 0.2 ~ 0.47

γ i :

Activity coefficient

λ ij , λ ii :

Binary energy parameters in Wilson model

Λ ij , Λ ji :

Binary parameters in Wilson model

τ ij , τ ji :

Binary parameter in NRTL model

\(\mu_{i}\) :

Chemical potential of component i J·mol−1

\(\mu_{i}^{0}\) :

Chemical potential of pure subcooled liquid of component i J·mol−1·

k, i, j :

Component k, i, j

cal:

Calculated value

exp:

Experimental value

s :

Solid phase

l :

Liquid phase

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Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful for the supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21868010) and the Science and Technology Programs of Guizhou Province ((2018) 5781).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China

    Wenqing Deng, Tianxiang Li, Linchuan Huang, Jiamin Yang, Xiaojuan Fan & Jing Zhu

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Deng, W., Li, T., Huang, L. et al. Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium of the Ternary System NH4Cl-(NH2)2CO-H2O at Multiple Temperatures. J Solution Chem 52, 201–217 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-022-01224-5

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