Abstract
By using P and S wave receiver functions and P and S wave travel time residuals, we have found velocity models for 16 seismograph stations in Eastern Anatolia. Our study is focused mainly on the mantle lithosphere, asthenosphere and transition zone. The volcanism and uplift of the Eastern Anatolia Plateau are thought to be related to the Bitlis slab break off and delamination of the continental lithosphere. Sinking cold slab and lithospheric drips can reduce temperature in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) by up to a few hundred degrees C. However, our analysis of seismic data provides no robust evidence of significant cooling of the transition zone. In the mantle immediately above the 410-km discontinuity there is a pronounced low S wave velocity layer that may be a source of the volcanism in the study region. Another low velocity layer is present at the base of the MTZ. The obtained S wave velocity models of the upper mantle can be divided into three groups. In the first group, the lithosphere—asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is at a depth of ~ 60 km. In the second group, the LAB is at a depth from 90 to 100 km. In the third group, the mantle lithosphere is practically absent. On a scale of our analysis there is no clear correspondence between the obtained mantle velocity models and the volcanism (< 23 Ma) exposed at the surface. Only the models of the first group are well represented in the neighboring Central Anatolian Plateau.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akbaş B et al (2017) Geological map of Turkey. MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey) Publications, Ankara
Angus DA, Wilson DC, Sandvol E, Ni JF (2006) Lithospheric structure of the Arabian and Eurasian collision zone in eastern Turkey from S-wave receiver functions. Geophys J Int 166:1335–1346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03070.x
Artemieva IM, Shulgin A (2019) Geodynamics of Anatolia: Lithosphere Thermal Structure and Thickness. Tectonics 38(12):4465–4487. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005594
Berkhout AJ (1977) Least-squares inverse filtering and wavelet deconvolution. Geophysics 42(7):1369–1383. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440798
Bercovici D, Karato SI (2003) Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter. Nature 425(6953):39–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01918
Bina CR, Helffrich G (1994) Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 99(B8):15853–15860. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00462
Biryol CB, Beck S, Zandt G, Ozacar AA (2011) Segmented African lithosphere beneath the Anatolian region inferred from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Geophys J Int 184:1037–1057
Biswas NN (1972) Earth-flattening procedure for the propagation of Rayleigh wave. Pure Appl Geophys 96:61–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00875629
Brantut N, David EC (2019) Influence of fluids on VP/VS ratio: increase or decrease? Geophys J Int 216:2037–2043. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy518
Çakır Ö, Erduran M (2011) On the P and S receiver functions used for inverting the one-dimensional upper mantle shear-wave velocities. Survey Geophysics 32:71–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-010-9108-9
Çakır Ö (2018) Seismic crust structure beneath the Aegean region in southwest Turkey from radial anisotropic inversion of Rayleigh and Love surface waves. Acta Geophys 66:1303–1340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0223-1
Çakır Ö (2019) Love and Rayleigh Waves Inverted for Vertical Transverse Isotropic Crust Structure beneath the Biga Peninsula and the surrounding area in NW TURKEY. Geophys J Int 216:2081–2105. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy538
Farra V, Vinnik L (2000) Upper mantle stratification by P and S receiver functions. Geophys J Int 141(3):699–712. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00118.x
Gök R, Mellors RJ, Sandvol E, Pasyanos M, Hauk T, Takedatsu R, Yetirmishli G, Teoman U, Turkelli N, Godoladze T, Javakishvirli Z (2011) Lithospheric velocity structure of the Anatolian plateau-Caucasus-Caspian region. J Geophys Res 116B053303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB000837
Guo Z (2019) Global Structure of the Mantle Transition Zone Discontinuities and Site Response Effects in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. PhD Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Haskell NA (1962) Crustal reflection of plane P and SV waves. J Geophys Res 67(12):4751–4768. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ067i012p04751
Herrmann RB, Ammon CJ (2002) Computer Programs in Seismology: Surface Waves, Receiver Functions and Crustal Structure, Version 3.30. St Louis, MO, USA: Saint Louis University
Kaypak B (2008) Three-dimensional Vp and Vp/Vs structure of the upper crust in the Erzincan basin (eastern Turkey). J Geophys Res 113:B07307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004905,200
Kennett BLN, Engdahl ER (1991) Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification. Geophys J Int 105(2):429–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb06724.x
Keskin M (2003) Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath a subduction-accretion complex: An alternative model for collision-related volcanism in Eastern Anatolia. Turkey Geophysical Research Letters 30:8046. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018019
Keskin M, Pearce JA, Kempton PD, Greenwood P (2006) Magma-crust interactions and magma plumbing in a postcollisional setting: Geochemical evidence from the Erzurum-Kars volcanic plateau, eastern Turkey. In Dilek Y, Pavlides S (ed) Postcollisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia. Geological Society of America Special Paper 409: 475–505. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2409(23)
Kind R, Eken T, Tilmann F, Sodoudi F, Taymaz T, Bulut F, Yuan X, Can B, Schneider F (2015) Thickness of the lithosphere beneath Turkey and surroundings from S-receiver functions. Solid Earth 6:971–984. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-971-2015
KOERI (2021) Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/KO
Kosarev G, Vinnik L, Oreshin S, Makeyeva L (2018) Mantle transition zone beneath the central Tien Shan: Lithospheric delamination and mantle plumes. Tectonophysics 723:172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.12.010
Kounoudis R, Bastow ID, Ogden CS, Goes S, Jenkins J, Grant B, Braham C (2020) Seismic Tomographic Imaging of the Eastern Mediterranean Mantle: Implications for Terminal-Stage Subduction, the Uplift of Anatolia, and the Development of the North Anatolian Fault. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 21:7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009009
Lei J, Zhao D (2007) Teleseismic evidence for a break-off subducting slab under Eastern Turkey. Earth Planet Sci Lett 257:14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.011
Metropolis N, Rosenbluth MN, Rosenbluth AW, Teller AH, Teller E (1953) Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines. J Chem Phys 21:1097–1092
Mosegaard K, Vestergaard PD (1991) A simulated annealing approach to seismic model optimization with sparse prior information. Geophys Prospect 39(5):599–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1991.tb00331.x
Mosegaard K, Tarantola A (1995) Monte Carlo sampling of solutions to inverse problems. J Geophys Res 100:431–447. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03097
Okay AI, Tüysüz O (1999) Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand B, Jolivet L, Horváth D, Sérranne M (eds) The Mediterranean basins: tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen, vol 156. Geological Society of London (Special Publication), London, pp 475–515. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22
Oreshin SI, Vinnik LP, Kiselev SG, Rai SS, Prakasam KS, Treussov AV (2011) Deep seismic structure of the Indian shield, western Himalaya, Ladakh and Tibet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 307:415–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.016
Ozacar AA, Gilbert H, Zandt G (2008) Upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) from receiver functions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 269:427–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.036
Ozacar AA, Zandt G, Gilbert H, Beck SL (2010) Seismic images of crustal variations beneath the East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) from teleseismic receiver functions. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 340: 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP340.21
Rabayrol F, Hart CJR, Thorkelson DJ (2019) Temporal, spatial and geochemical evolution of late cenezoic post-subduction magmatism in central and eastern Anatolia. Turkey Lithos 336–337:67–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.03.022
Reid MR, Schleiffarth WK, Cosca MA, Delph JR, Blichrt-Toft J, Cooper KM (2017) Shallow melting of MORB-like mantle under hot continental lithosphere, Central Anatolia. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 18(5):1866–1888. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006772
Reid MR, Delph JR, Cosca MA, Schleiffarth WK, Gençalioğlu Kuşcu G (2019) Melt equilibration depths as sensors of lithospheric thickness during Eurasia-Arabia collision and the uplift of the Anatolian Plateau. Geology 47(10):943–947. https://doi.org/10.1130/G46420.1
Rein T, Hannemann K, Thomas C, Korn M (2020) Location and characteristics of the X-discontinuity beneath SW Morocco and the adjacent shelf area using P-wave receiver functions. Geophys J Int 223:1780–1793. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa379
Ritzwoller MH, Levshin AL (1998) Eurasian surface wave tomography: Group velocities. J Geophys Res 103:4839–4878. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB02622
Ritzwoller ME, Shapiro NM, Barmin MP, Levshin AL (2002) Global surface wave diffraction tomography. J Geophys Res 107:B12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001777
Robertson GS, Woodhouse JH (1997) Comparison of P and S station corrections and their relationship to upper mantle structure. J Geophys Res 102(B12):27355–27366. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB02348
Schleiffarth WK, Darin MH, Reid MR, Umhoefer PJ (2018) Dynamics of episodic Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic magmatism across Central to Eastern Anatolia: New insights from an extensive geochronology compilation. Geosphere 14:1990–2008. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01647.1
Saroglu F, Emre O, Kuscu I (1992) 1:1 000 000 active fault map of Turkey. MTA Publications, Ankara ((in Turkish))
Şengör AMC, Kidd WSF (1979) The post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau and a comparison with Tibet. Tectonophysics 55:361–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90184-7
Şengör AMC, Özeren S, Genç T, Zor E (2003) East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, north-south shortened domal structure. Geophys Res Lett 30:24. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GLO17858
Shen Y, Blum J (2003) Seismic evidence for accumulated oceanic crust above the 660 km discontinuity beneath southern Africa. Geophys Res Lett 30(18):1925–1928. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017991
Siebert L, Simkin T, Kimberly P (2011) Volcanoes of the world, 3rd edn. University of California Press, London
Skobeltsyn G, Mellors R, Gök R, Türkelli N, Yetirmishli G, Sandvol E (2014) Upper mantle S wave velocity structure of the East Anatolian-Caucasus region. Tectonics 33:207–221. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013TC003334
Taylor G, Thompson DA, Cornwell D, Rost S (2019) Interaction of the Cyprus/Tethys slab with the mantle transition zone beneath Anatolia. Geophys J Int 216:1665–1674. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy514
Vinnik LP (1977) Detection of waves converted from P to SV in the mantle. Phys Earth Planet Inter 15(1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(77)90008-5
Vinnik L, Chevrot S, Montagner JP, Guyot F (1999) Teleseismic travel time residuals in North America and anelasticity of the asthenosphere. Phys Earth Planet Inter 116(1–4):93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00132-6
Vinnik LP, Aleshin IM, Kaban MK, Kiselev SG, Kosarev GL, Oreshin SI, Reigber Ch (2006) Crust and mantle of the Tien Shan from data of the receiver function tomography. Izv Phys Solid Earth 42(8):639–651. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351306080027
Vinnik L, Farra V (2007) Low S velocity atop the 410-km discontinuity and mantle plumes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 262(3–4):398–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.051
Vinnik L, Singh A, Kiselev S, Ravi Kumar M (2007) Upper mantle beneath foothills of the western Himalaya: subducted lithospheric slab or a keel of the Indian shield? Geophys J Int 171(3):1162–1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03577.x
Vinnik L, Ren Y, Stutzmann E, Farra V, Kiselev S (2010) Observations of S410p and S530p phases at seismograph stations in California. J Geophys Res 115:B05303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006582
Vinnik LP, Erduran M, Oreshin SI, Kosarev GL, Kutlu YA, Çakir Ö, Kiselev SG (2014) Joint inversion of P- and S-receiver functions and dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves the results for the Central Anatolian Plateau. Izv Phys Solid Earth 50(5):622–631. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106935131404017X
Wang X-Q, Schubnel A, Fortin J, David EC, Guéguen Y, Ge H-K (2012) High Vp/Vs ratio: Saturated cracks or anisotropy effects? Geophys Res Lett 39:L11307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051742
Wessel P, Smith WHF (1998) New, improved version of the Generic Mapping Tools released. EOS Trans AGU 79:579. https://doi.org/10.1029/98EO00426
Zhu H, Stern RJ, Yang J (2020) Seismic evidence for subduction-induced mantle flows underneath Middle America. Nat Commun 11:2075. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15492-6
Zor E (2008) Tomographic evidence of slab detachment beneath eastern Turkey and the Caucasus. Geophys J Int 175:1273–1282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03946.x
Acknowledgements
This study was conducted in the framework of a joint project supported by the Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, project no. 111Y190) and as part of a state contract of IPE RAS (project no. 12_05_91373_ST_a).The seismic data are obtained from KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute) and from ETSE (Eastern TurkeySeismic Experiment) where seismograms are provided by IRIS-DMC. The Rayleigh wave dispersion curves are provided by the Center for Imaging the Earth’s Interior, University of Colorado, Boulder, US. The seismograms were analyzed by the Seismic Handler software by K. Stammler. Some figures were plotted with the GMT software tools by Wessel and Smith 1998. Authors appreciate help from Yusuf Arif Kutlu during the TÜBİTAK project management. We dedicate this study to our team member Grigory Kosarev, who recently passed away.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Fig.1s.
The same as in Fig.3 but for stations ERZN and PTK. (PDF 1443 KB)
Fig.2s.
Effect of the teleseismic residuals for stations MALT and SVRC. Posterior distributions of the free model parameters Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs are shown by color code. The velocities of the IASP91 model and limits of the search are shown by black and red lines, respectively; the medians are shown by dash lines. The LAB is marked by red arrow. The statistics of the modeled receiver functions are shown by the same color code; the actual receiver functions are shown by dash lines. The data with and without the teleseismic residuals are shown on the left-hand side and right-hand side respectively. (PDF 2139 KB)
Fig.3s.
Effects of starting models for station AGRB. Posterior distributions of the free model parameters Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs are shown by color code. The velocities of the IASP91 model and limits of the search are shown by black and red lines, respectively; the medians are shown by dash lines. The LAB is marked by the red arrow. The statistics of the modeled receiver functions are shown by the same color code; the actual receiver functions are shown by dash lines. The four final models differ by the starting models in the inversion procedure. (PDF 2005 KB)
Fig.4s.
The same as in Fig. 2s, but for station MALT. (PDF 2135 KB)
Fig.5s.
Effects of the fixed velocities at the depth of 300 km. Posterior distributions of the free model parameters Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs are shown by color code. The velocities of the IASP91 model and limits of the search are shown by black and red lines, respectively. The medians are shown by dash lines. The LAB is marked by the red arrow. The statistics of the modeled receiver functions are shown by the same color code; the actual receiver functions are shown by dash lines. The left-hand side model differs from the right-hand side one by the values of the fixed velocities at a depth of 300 km. The IASP91 model is on the left-hand side. 8.8 km/s and 4.8 km/s for Vp and Vs are on the right-hand side. (PDF 1692 KB)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Erduran, M., Oreshin, S., Vinnik, L. et al. Mantle lithosphere, asthenosphere and transition zone beneath Eastern Anatolia. J Seismol 26, 265–281 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-022-10074-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-022-10074-z