Abstract
In the present work, pure ZnO, Zn0.99Fe0.01O (ZFO), and Zn1−x−y Fe x Co y O (x = 0.01, y = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) Fe–Co co-doped ZnO dilute magnetic semiconductors were successfully synthesized by using the wet co-precipitation method. Pure and doped samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, UV–Vis spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of pure and doped samples confirms the formation of hexagonal wurtzite structure, without formation of any other secondary and impurity phases. The surface morphology of pure and doped ZnO nanoparticles samples was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reveals the formation of spherical nanoparticles with clear and well-defined boundaries. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) indicates the substitution of dopant Fe2+ and Co2+ successfully in the lattice site of Zn2+ and results in the formation of single-phase Zn1−x−y Fe x Co y O. The UV–Visible absorption spectra of all doped and co-doped samples showed blueshift in absorption edge as compared to undoped (pure) ZnO nanoparticles. The magnetic characterization reveals and confirms the room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in all doped and co-doped samples. Magnetization saturation increases with increase in Co concentration in Fe-doped sample as compared with individual Fe-doped ZnO sample which further reveals that exchange interaction between Fe and Co ions dominates over the Fe–Fe ion interaction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Prinz, G.A.: Magnetoelectronics. Science (1998). doi:10.1126/science.282.5394.1660
Ghosh, S., Mandal, K.: Study of Zn1 −xCoxO (0.02 <×< 0.08) dilute magnetic semiconductor prepared by mechanosynthesis route. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. (2010). doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.01.017
Wolf, S.A., Awschalom, D.D., Buhrman, R.A., Daughton, J.M., Von Molnar, S., Roukes, M.L., Chichel- kanova, A.Y., Treger, D.M.: Spintronics: a spin-based electronics vision for the future. Science (2001). doi:10.1126/science.1065389
Ohno, H.: Making nonmagnetic semiconductors ferromagnetic. Science (1998). doi:10.1126/science.281.5379.951
Dietl, T., Ohno, H., Matsukura, F., Cibert, J., Ferrand, D.: Zener model description of ferromagnetism in zinc-blende magnetic semiconductors. Science (2000). doi:10.1126/science.287.5455.1019
Duan, L.B., Rao, G.H., Yu, J., Wang, Y.C.: Ferromagnetism of lightly Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Solid State Commun. (2008). doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2008.01.014
Wesselinowa, J.M., Aposto, A.T.: A Possibility to obtain room temperature ferromagnetism by transition metal doping of ZnO nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. (2010). doi:10.1063/1.3329457
Luo, J., Liang, J.K., Liu, Q.L., Liu, F.S., Zhang, Y., Sun, B.J., Rao, G.H.: Structure and magnetic properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. (2005). doi:10.1063/1.1873058
Karmakar, D., Mandal, S.K., Kadam, R.M., Paulose, P.L., Rajarajan, A.K., Nath, T.K., Das, A.K., Dasgupta, I., Das, G. P.: Ferromagnetism in Fe-doped ZnO nanocrystals: experiment and theory. Phys. Rev. B (2007). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.144404
Xu, X., Cao, C.: Structure and ferromagnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO powders. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. (2009). doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.01.017
Martínez, B., Sandiumenge, F., Balcells, L., Arbiol, J., Sibieude, F., Monty, C.: Structure and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. B (2005). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.165202
Katoon, S., Ahmad, T.: Synthesis, optical and magnetic properties of Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 2(6), 325–333 (2012)
Jayakumar, O.D., Gopalakrishnan, I.K., Sudakar, C., Kadam, R.M., Kulshreshtha, S.K.: Magnetization and structural studies of Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles: prepared by reverse micelle method. J. Cryst. Growth (2007). doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.12.030
Wang, J.B., Huang, G.J., Zhong, X.L., Sun, L.Z., Zhou, Y.C., Liu, E.H.: Raman scattering and high temperature ferromagnetism of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2006). doi:10.1063/1.2208564
John Kennady Vethanathan, S., Perumal, S., Meenakshi Sundar, S., Priscilla Koilpillai, D., Karpagavalli, S., Suganthi, A.: Structural and magnetic properties of nickel and cobalt doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by solvothermal route. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Tech. Res. 6(3), 856–865 (2014)
Vijayaprasath, G., Murugan, R., Ravi, G.: Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Ni doped ZnO nanostructures prepared by co-precipitation method. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 6, 3385–3387 (2014)
Bhuiyan, M.R.A., Rahman, M.K.: Synthesis and characterization of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles. Int. J. Eng. Manuf. (2014). doi:10.5815/ijem.2014.01.02
Jadhav, J., Patange, M., Biswas, S.: Ferromagnetic Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical precursor method. Carbon – Sci. Tech. 5(2), 269–274 (2013)
Mandal, S.K., Das, A.K., Nath, T.K., Karmakar, D., Satpati, B.: Microstructural and magnetic properties of ZnO: TM (TM = Co, Mn) diluted magnetic semiconducting nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. (2006). doi:10.1063/1.2360387
Bilecka, I., Luo, L., Djerdj, I., Rossell, M.D., Jagodi, M., Jaglicic, Z., Masubuchi, Y., Kikkawa, S., Niederberger, M.: Microwave-assisted nonaqueous sol–gel chemistry for highly concentrated ZnO-based magnetic semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C (2011). doi:10.1021/jp108050w
Wu, X., Wei, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., Yang, H., Jiang, J.: Synthesis and characterization of Fe and Ni co-doped ZnO nanorods synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Ceram. Int. 40, 14635–14640 (2014)
Sharma, V.K., Najim, M., Srivastava, A.K., Varma, G.D.: Structural and magnetic studies on transition metal (Mn, Co) doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. (2012). doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.08.061
Chand, P., Gaur, A., Kumar, A.: Effect of Cr and Fe doping on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures. Int. J. Chem., Nuclear Mater. Metall. Eng. 8, 1238–1241 (2014)
Yu, X, Meng, D, Liu, C, He, X, Wang, Y, Jing, X: Structure and ferromagnetism of Fe-doped and Fe-and Co-codoped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method (2012). doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.07.040
Beltrán, J.J., Osorio, J.A., Barrero, C.A., Hanna, C.B., Punnoose, A.: Magnetic properties of Fe doped, Co doped, and Fe + Co co-doped ZnO. J. Appl. Phys. 113, 17C308 (2013)
Kumar, S., Kim, Y.J., Koo, B.H., Choi, H., Lee, C.G.: Ferromagnetism in chemically-synthesized Co-doped ZnO. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 55(3), 1060–1064 (2009)
Aydın, C., Abd El-Sadek, M.S., Zheng, K., Yahia, I.S., Yakuphanoglu, F.: Synthesis, diffused reflectance and electrical properties of nanocrystalline Fe-doped ZnO via sol–gel calcination technique. Opt. Laser Technol. 48, 447–452 (2013)
Morales, A.E., Mora, E.S., Pal, U.: Use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for optical characterization of un-supported nanostructures. Rev. Mex. Fis. Suppl. 53, 18–22 (2007)
Zhou, S., Potzger, K., Reuther, H., Kuepper, K., Skorupa, W., Helm, M., Fassbender, J.: Absence of ferromagnetism in V-implanted ZnO single crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 09H109 (2007)
Sharma, V. K., Varma, G.D.: Fe clusters as origin of ferromagnetism in hydrogenated Zn1−xFexO (x = 0.02 & 0.05) samples. Adv. Mat. Lett. (2012). doi:10.5185/amlett.2011.7283
Pal, B., Giri, P.K.: Defect mediated magnetic interaction and high Tc ferromagnetism in Co doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11, 1–8 (2011)
Santara, B., Giri, P.K., Dhara, S., Imakita, K., Fujii, M.: Oxygen vacancy-mediated enhanced ferromagnetism in undoped and Fe-doped TiO2 nanoribbons. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (2014). doi:10.1088/0022-3727/47/23/235304
Das, J., Mishra, D.K., Sahu, D.R., Roul, B.K.: Influence of Ni doping on magnetic behavior of Mn doped ZnO. Mater. Lett. 65(4), 598–601 (2011)
Singh, R.P.P., Hudiara, I.S., Pandey, S., Rana, S.B.: Effect of Ni doping on structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Fe-Doped ZnO nanoparticles. J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 28(12), 3685–3691 (2015). doi:10.1007/s10948-015-3183-6
Rana, S.B., Bhardwaj, V.K., Singh, S., Singh, A., Kaur, N.: Influence of surface modification by 2-aminothiophenol on optoelectronics properties of ZnO nanoparticles. J. Exp. Nanosci. 9(9), 877–891 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pal Singh, R.P., Hudiara, I.S., Panday, S. et al. The Effect of Co Doping on the Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles. J Supercond Nov Magn 29, 819–827 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-015-3349-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-015-3349-2