Abstract
Religious and spiritual practices have been identified as a main source of mental health support for Latinxs to improve overall health and well-being. This qualitative secondary data analysis sought to elucidate how Mexican patients and family members engaged in religious and spiritual practices to help alleviate patients’ experiences of mental illness. Three main findings are discussed: (1) positive religious coping such as entrusting God with one’s suffering, consejos (i.e., emotional support and advice giving), and positive social supports through religious communities; (2) negative religious coping such as harmful views of God as punishing; and (3) indigenous healing practices such as engagement with curanderos (medicine doctor) and limpias (i.e., herb-based cleanses). The authors discuss these findings in the context of tensions between culturally sanctioned healing and the perception of psychotherapeutic effectiveness reported by Mexican patients and their family members. The authors also provide future directions for incorporating patients’ religious and spiritual practices into multiculturally competent treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
For a general review on the effects of religion on health and an integrating conceptual framework, see Krause (2011).
References
Abraído-Lanza, A. F., Vásquez, E., & Echeverría, S. E. (2004). En las manos de Dios [in God’s hands]: Religious and other forms of coping among Latinos with arthritis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.91
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
American Psychological Association. (2017). Multicultural guidelines: An ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality [Data set]. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/e501962018-001
Applewhite, S. L. (1996). Curanderismo: Demystifying the health beliefs and practices of elderly Mexican American. Health & Social Work, 20(4), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/20.4.247
Baez, A., & Hernandez, D. (2001). Complementary spiritual beliefs in the Latino community: The interface with psychotherapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(4), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.71.4.408
Berenzon-Gorn, S., Ito-Sugiyama, E., & Vargas-Guadarrama, L. A. (2006). Enfermedades y padeceres por los que se recurre a terapeutas tradicionales de la Ciudad de México. Salud Publica de México, 48(1), 45–56. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342006000100008&lng=es&tlng=es.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Caplan, S. (2019). Intersection of cultural and religious beliefs about mental health: Latinos in the faith-based setting. Hispanic Health Care International, 17(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415319828265
Caplan, S., Paris, M., Whittemore, R., Desai, M., Dixon, J., Alvidrez, J., Escobar, J., & Scahill, L. (2011). Correlates of religious, supernatural and psychosocial causal beliefs about depression among Latino immigrants in primary care. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(6), 589–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.497810
Cervantes, J. M., & Parham, T. A. (2005). Toward a meaningful spirituality for people of color: Lessons for the counseling practitioner. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.11.1.69
Cervantes-Soon, C. (2014). The US-Mexico border-crossing Chicana researcher: Theory in the flesh and the politics of identity in critical ethnography. Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies, 6(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.18085/llas.6.2.qm08vk3735624n35
Chatters, L. M. (2000). Religion and health: Public health research and practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 21(1), 335–367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.335
Comas-Diaz, L. (2006). Latino healing: The integration of ethnic psychology into psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(4), 436–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.436
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Crowe, M., Inder, M., & Porter, R. (2015). Conducting qualitative research in mental health: Thematic and content analyses. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(7), 616–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415582053
Cuevas, C. A., Sabina, C., & Picard, E. H. (2015). Posttraumatic stress among victimized latino women: Evaluating the role of cultural factors: posttraumatic stress among latino women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22060
Da Silva, N. D., Dillon, F. R., Verdejo, T. R., Sanchez, M., & De La Rosa, M. (2017). Acculturative stress, psychological distress, and religious coping among Latina young adult immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(2), 213–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000017692111
Delgado-Romero, E. A., Singh, A. A., & De Los Santos, J. (2018). Cuéntame: The promise of qualitative research with Latinx populations. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 6(4), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000123
Duncan, W. (2017). Psicoeducación in the land of magical thoughts: Culture and mental-health practice in a changing Oaxaca. American Ethnologist, 44(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12424
Galaviz, G., & Odgers Ortiz, O. (2014). Estado laico y alternativas terapéuticas religiosas. El caso de México en el tratamiento de adicciones. Debates Do NER, 15(26), 253–276. https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/debatesdoner/article/view/52063/32089
Gallegos, M. L., & Segrin, C. (2019). Exploring the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between spirituality and health: Implications for the Latino health paradox. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000180
Garcia, G., Ellison, C. G., Sunil, T. S., & Hill, T. D. (2013). Religion and selected health behaviors among latinos in Texas. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9640-7
George, L. K., Ellison, C. G., & Larson, D. B. (2002). Explaining the relationships between religious involvement and health. Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1303_04
Hall, S. A., & Gjesfjeld, C. D. (2013). Clergy: A partner in rural mental health? Journal of Rural Mental Health, 37(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000006
Heinze, G., Chapa, G. del C., & Carmona-Huerta, J. (2016). Los especialistas en psiquiatría en México: Año 2016. Salud Mental, 39(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2016.003
Herrera, A. P., Lee, J. W., Nanyonjo, R. D., Laufman, L. E., & Torres-Vigil, I. (2009). Religious coping and caregiver well-being in Mexican-American families. Aging & Mental Health, 13(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802154507
Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.64
Hovey, J. D., Hurtado, G., Morales, L. R. A., & Seligman, L. D. (2014). Religion-based emotional social support mediates the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and mental health. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(4), 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.833149
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) (2021a). Censo de Población y Vivienda. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2010/
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) (2021b). México en cifras: Puebla (21). https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/?ag=21
Joshi, S., & Kumari, S. (2011). Religious beliefs and mental health: An empirical review. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 14(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
Keller, H. (2002). Culture and development: Developmental pathways to individualism and interrelatedness. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 11, Chap. 1), Bellingham, WA: Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University.
Kirchner, T., & Patiño, C. (2010). Stress and depression in Latin American immigrants: The mediating role of religiosity. European Psychiatry, 25(8), 479–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.003
Koenig, H. G., Idler, E., Kasl, S., Hays, J. C., George, L. K., Musick, M., Larson, D. B., Collins, T. R., & Benson, H. (1999). Religion, spirituality, and medicine: A rebuttal to skeptics. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 29(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.2190/c2fb-95vw-fkyd-c8rv
Koerner, S. S., Shirai, Y., & Pedroza, R. (2013). Role of religious/spiritual beliefs and practices among Latino family caregivers of Mexican descent. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 1(2), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032438
Krause, N. (2006). Exploring the stress-buffering effects of church-based social support and secular social support on health in late life. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 61B, S35–S43. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.1.S35
Krause, N. (2011). Religion and health: Making sense of a Disheveled literature. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9373-4
Krause, N. (2019). Religion and health among Hispanics: Exploring variations by age. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(5), 1817–1832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00866-y
Krause, N., & Bastida, E. (2012). Religion and health among older Mexican Americans: Exploring the influence of making Mandas. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(3), 812–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9389-9
Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2014). Trust-based prayer expectancies and health among older Mexican Americans. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 591–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9786-y
Lámbarri Rodríguez, A., Flores Palacios, F., & Berenzon Gorn, S. (2012). Curanderos, malestar y “daños”: Una interpretación social. Salud mental, 35(2), 123–128. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0185-33252012000200005&lng=es&tlng=es.
Levkoff, S., Levy, B., & Weitzman, P. F. (1999). The role of religion and ethnicity in the help seeking of family caregivers of elders with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 14(4), 335–356. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006655217810
Lujan, J., & Campbell, H. B. (2006). The role of religion on the health practices of Mexican Americans. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(2), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9019-8
McHale, M. (2004). Catholic priests as counselors: An examination of challenges faced and successful techniques. Verbum, 1(2), 15. https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol1/iss2/3
McMinn, M. R., Meek, K. R., Canning, S. S., & Pozzi, C. F. (2001). Training psychologists to work with religious organizations: The Center for Church-Psychology Collaboration. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32(3), 324–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.32.3.324
McMinn, M. R., Aikins, D. C., & Lish, R. A. (2003). Basic and advanced competence in collaborating with clergy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(2), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.2.197
Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (1999). Spirituality and health. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners (p. 3–18). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10327-001
Milstein, G., Manierre, A., Susman, V. L., & Bruce, M. L. (2008). Implementation of a program to improve the continuity of mental health care through Clergy Outreach and Professional Engagement (C.O.P.E.). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(2), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.2.218
Moreno, O., & Cardemil, E. (2013). Religiosity and mental health services: An exploratory study of help seeking among Latinos. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 1(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031376
Moreno, O., & Cardemil, E. (2018a). The role of religious attendance on mental health among Mexican populations: A contribution toward the discussion of the immigrant health paradox. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(1), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000214
Moreno, O., & Cardemil, E. (2018b). Religiosity and well-being among Mexican-born and U.S.-born Mexicans: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 6(3), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000099
Mueller, P. S., Plevak, D. J., & Rummans, T. A. (2001). Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: Implications for clinical practice. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 76(12), 1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.4065/76.12.1225
Muñoz, R. F., & Mendelson, T. (2005). Toward evidence-based interventions for diverse populations: The San Francisco General Hospital prevention and treatment manuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 790–799. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.73.5.790
Noyola, N., Moreno, O., & Cardemil, E. V. (2020). Religious coping and nativity status among Mexican-origin Latinxs: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Latinx Psychology, 8(3), 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000147
Odgers Ortiz, O., & Olivas-Hernández, O. L. (2019). Productive misunderstandings: The ambivalent relationship between religious-based treatments and the lay state in Mexico. International Journal of Latin American Religions, 3(2), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-019-00091-1
Padilla, A. M., & De Snyder, V. N. (1988). Psychology in pre-Columbian Mexico. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863880101004
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Publications.
Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 710. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152
Patrick, J. H., & Kinney, J. M. (2003). Why believe? The effects of religious beliefs on emotional well being. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 14(2–3), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1300/j078v14n02_05
Plante, T. G. (1999). A collaborative relationship between professional psychology and the Roman Catholic Church: A case example and suggested principles for success. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30(6), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.30.6.541
Plante, T. (2014). Four steps to improve religious/spiritual cultural competence in professional psychology. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(4), 288–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000047
Rhi, B. (2001). Culture, spirituality, and mental health. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(3), 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70248-3
Rivera-Hernandez, M. (2016). Religiosity, social support and care associated with health in older Mexicans with Diabetes. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1394–1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0105-7
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J., & Cockerham, W. C. (1983). Social class, Mexican culture, and fatalism: Their effects on psychological distress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(4), 383–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00894055
Salgado-de-Snyder, V. N., Díaz-Pérez, M. J., González-Vázquez, T. (2003). Modelo de integración de recursos para la atención de salud mental en la población rural de México. Salud Pública de México, 45(1), 19–26. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342003000100003&lng=es&tlng=es
Schwingel, A., & Gálvez, P. (2016). Divine interventions: Faith-based approaches to health promotion programs for Latinos. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(6), 1891–1906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0156-9
Tree, I. (2001). Sliced iguana: Travels in Mexico. Penguin Books.
Wojnar, D. M., & Swanson, K. M. (2007). Phenomenology: An exploration. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 25(3), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010106295172
Zacharias, S. (2006). Mexican Curanderismo as Ethnopsychotherapy: A qualitative study on treatment practices, effectiveness, and mechanisms of change. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 53(4), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/10349120601008522
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the collaboration of Dr. Kristin Yarris, Dr. Stephen López, Isabel Iturrios, and Diego Guevara as part of the Latino Mental Health Research Training Program (MHIRT) Team. Thanks to the Mexico Research Team who helped transcribe interviews and with data analysis (Verónica Franco, Gabriella Gaus, Karen Godinez, Cung King, Mónica Madrigal, Natalie Mena, Anais Picarelli, and Suzie Sainvilmar). Additional thanks to Dr. Stephen Quintana who provided feedback throughout this study.
Funding
This research received financial support through the University of Wisconsin-Madison Institute for Regional and International Studies (IRIS) Graduate Student Summer Fieldwork Award.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stege, A.M.R., Godinez, J. Trusting in God: Religious and Spiritual Support in Mental Health Treatment Expectations in Mexico. J Relig Health 61, 3655–3676 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01554-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01554-0