Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thai Norms for Name, Image, and Category Agreement, Object Familiarity, Visual Complexity, Manipulability, and Age of Acquisition for 480 Color Photographic Objects

  • Published:
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Normative databases containing psycholinguistic variables are commonly used to aid stimulus selection for investigations into language and other cognitive processes. Norms exist for many languages, but not for Thai. The aim of the present research, therefore, was to obtain Thai normative data for the BOSS, a set of 480 high resolution color photographic images of real objects (Brodeur et al. in PLoS ONE 5(5), 2010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010773). Norms were provided by 584 Thai university students on eight dimensions: name agreement, object familiarity, visual complexity, category agreement, image agreement, two types of manipulability (graspability and mimeability), and age of acquisition. The results revealed comparatively similar levels of name agreement to Brodeur et al. especially when unfamiliar items were factored out. The pattern of intercorrelations among the Thai psycholinguistic norms was comparable to previous studies and our cross-linguistic correlations were robust for the same set of pictures in English and French. Conjointly, the findings extend the relevancy of the BOSS to Thailand, supporting this photographic resource for investigations of language and other cognitive processes in monolingual, multilingual, and brain-impaired populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Brodeur and colleagues have recently extended the size of the BOSS by providing norms for a further 930 items, increasing the size of the database from 480 items to 1410 items (Brodeur et al. 2014).

  2. There were only 14,368 actual responses because some participants did not respond on some items.

  3. The object peeler had a DKO score of 87% and not one single participant was able to name it. This object was therefore excluded from all analyses involving the name agreement data.

References

  • Adlington, R. L., Laws, K. R., & Gale, T. M. (2009). The Hatfield Image Test (HIT): A new picture test and norms for experimental and clinical use. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(6), 731–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390802488103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alario, F. X., & Ferrand, L. (1999). A set of 400 pictures standardized for French: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, and age of acquisition. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(3), 531–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alario, F. X., Ferrand, L., Laganaro, M., New, B., Frauenfelder, U. H., & Segui, J. (2004). Predictors of picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(1), 140–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Álvarez, B., & Cuetos, F. (2007). Objective age of acquisition norms for a set of 328 words in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 377–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, E., D’Amico, S., Jacobsen, T., Székely, A., Andonova, E., Devescovi, A., et al. (2003). Timed picture naming in seven languages. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10(2), 344–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, C., Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency, and name agreement. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A(3), 560–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/027249897392026.

  • Belke, E., Brysbaert, M., Meyer, A.S., & Ghyselinck, M. (2005). Age of acquisition effects in picture naming: Evidence for a lexical-semantic competition hypothesis. Cognition, 96(2), B45–B54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.11.006.

  • Biederman, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 94(2), 115–147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonin, P., Peereman, R., Malardier, N., Méot, A., & Chalard, M. (2003). A new set of 299 pictures for psycholinguistic studies: French norms for name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, age of acquisition, and naming latencies. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(1), 158–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boukadi, M., Zouaidi, C., & Wilson, M. A. (2016). Norms for name agreement, familiarity, subjective frequency, and imageability for 348 object names in Tunisian Arabic. Behavior Research Methods, 48(2), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0602-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, M. B., Dionne-Dostie, E., Montreuil, T., & Lepage, M. (2010). The Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS), a new set of 480 normative photos of objects to be used as visual stimuli in cognitive research. PLoS ONE, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010773

  • Brodeur, M. B., Guérard, K., & Bouras, M. (2014). Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS) Phase II: 930 new normative photos. PloS ONE, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106953

  • Brodeur, M. B., Kehayia, E., Dion-Lessard, G., Chauret, M., Montreuil, T., Dionne-Dostie, E., et al. (2012). The bank of standardized stimuli (BOSS): Comparison between French and English norms. Behavior Research Methods, 44(4), 961–970. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0184-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., Mahon, G., & Caramazza, A. (2003). What are the facts of semantic category-specific deficits? A critical review of the clinical evidence. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 213–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290244000266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B., & White, M. N. (1973). Age-of-acquisition norms for 220 picturable nouns. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 12(5), 563–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80036-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, J. (1886). The time to see and name objects. Mind, 11(41), 63–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalard, M., Bonin, P., Méot, A., Boyer, B., & Fayol, M. (2003). Objective age-of-acquisition (AoA) norms for a set of 230 object names in French: Relationships with psycholinguistic variables, the English data from Morrison et al. (1997), and naming latencies. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 15(2), 209–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440244000076

  • Clarke, A. J. B., & Ludington, J. D. (2017). A set of 480 colour photographic pictures standardised for Thai: A new resource for cognitive and psycholinguistic research. [Data Collection]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive. 10.5255/UKDA-SN-852500.

  • Cortese, M. J., & Khanna, M. M. (2007). Age of acquisition predicts naming and lexical-decision performance above and beyond 22 other predictor variables: An analysis of 2342 words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(8), 1072–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701315467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuetos, F., Ellis, A. W., & Álvarez, B. (1999). Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(4), 650–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damian, M. F., & Martin, R. C. (1998). Is visual lexical access based on phonological codes? Evidence from a picture-word interference task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(1), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dell’Acqua, R., Lotto, L., & Job, R. (2000). Naming times and standardized norms for the Italian PD/DPSS set of 266 pictures: Direct comparisons with American, English, French, and Spanish published databases. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(4), 588–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimitropoulou, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., Blitsas, P., & Carreiras, M. (2009). A standardized set of 260 pictures for Modern Greek: Norms for name agreement, age of acquisition, and visual complexity. Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 584–589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. W., & Morrison, C. M. (1998). Real age-of-acquisition effects in lexical retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 24(2), 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.24.2.515.

    Google Scholar 

  • E-Prime (Version 2.0) [Computer software]. Sharpsburg, PA: Psychology Software Tools, Inc.

  • Filliter, J. H., McMullen, P. A., & Westwood, D. (2005). Manipulability and living/non-living category effects on object identification. Brain & Cognition, 57(1), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach, C. (2001). Structural similarity causes different category-effects depending on task characteristics. Neuropsychologia, 39(9), 895–900.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (1984). Resolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(2), 256–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. J. (2014). The ecological approach to visual perception: Classic edition, 1st edn. Hove: Psychology Press.

  • Gilhooly, K. J., & Gilhooly, M. L. (1979). Age-of-acquisition effects in lexical and episodic memory tasks. Memory & Cognition, 7(3), 214–223. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilhooly, K. J., & Logie, R. H. (1980). Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1944 words. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 12(4), 395–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigoriev, A., & Oshhepkov, I. (2013). Objective age of acquisition norms for a set of 286 words in Russian: Relationships with other psycholinguistic variables. Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1208–1217. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0319-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guérard, K., Lagacé, S., & Brodeur, M. B. (2015). Four types of manipulability ratings and naming latencies for a set of 560 photographs of objects. Behavior Research Methods, 47(2), 443–470. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0488-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanulová, J., Davidson, D. J., & Indefrey, P. (2011). Where does the delay in L2 picture naming come from? Psycholinguistic and neurocognitive evidence on second language word production. Language & Cognitive Processes, 26(7), 902–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.509946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I., & Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron, 41(2), 301–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsh, K. W., & Funnell, E. (1995). Those old, familiar things: Age of acquisition, familiarity and lexical access in progressive aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 9(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0911-6044(95)00003-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1988). Cascade processes in picture identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5(1), 67–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643298808252927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huth, A. G., Nishimoto, S., Vo, A. T., & Gallant, J. L. (2012). A continuous semantic space describes the representation of thousands of object and action categories across the human brain. Neuron, 76(6), 1210–1224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jax, S. A., & Buxbaum, L. J. (2010). Response interference between functional and structural actions linked to the same familiar object. Cognition, 115(2), 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.01.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. A., & Barry, C. (2006). Age of acquisition and lexical processing. Visual Cognition, 13(7/8), 789–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280544000066.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juhasz, B. J. (2005). Age-of-acquisition effects in word and picture identification. Psychological Bulletin, 131(5), 684–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.684.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kremin, H., Akhutina, T., Basso, A., Davidoff, J., De Wilde, M., Kitzing, P., et al. (2003). A cross-linguistic data bank for oral picture naming in Dutch, English, German, French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish (PEDOI). Brain & Cognition, 53(2), 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00119-2

  • Laws, K. R., & Neve, C. (1999). A normal category-specific advantage for naming living things. Neuropsychologia, 37(11), 1263–1269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Hao, M., Li, P., & Shu, H. (2011). Timed picture naming norms for Mandarin Chinese. PLoS ONE, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016505

  • Lotto, L., Surian, L., & Job, R. (2010). Objective age of acquisition for 223 Italian words: Norms and effects on picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnié, M. N., Besson, M., Poncet, M., & Dolisi, C. (2003). The Snodgrass and Vanderwart set revisited: Norms for object manipulability and for pictorial ambiguity of objects, chimeric objects, and nonobjects. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(4), 521–560. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.4.521.13873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2008). A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 102(1–3), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.03.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martein, R. (1995). Norms for name and concept agreement, familiarity, visual complexity and image agreement on a set of 216 pictures. Psychologica Belgica, 35(4), 205–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Martínez, F.J., & Montoro, P.R. (2012). An ecological alternative to Snodgrass & Vanderwart: 360 high quality colour images with norms for seven psycholinguistic variables. PLoS ONE, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037527

  • Morrison, C. M., Chappell, T. D., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A(3), 528–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1995). The role of word frequency and age of acquisition in word naming and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 21(1), 116–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto, T., Miyawaki, K., Ueda, T., Une, Y., & Takahashi, M. (2005). Japanese normative set of 359 pictures. Behavior Research Methods, 37(3), 398–416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostergaard, A. L., & Davidoff, J. B. (1985). Some effects of color on naming and recognition of objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 11(3), 579–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pind, J., Jónsdóttir, H., Gissurardóttir, H., & Jónsson, F. (2000). Icelandic norms for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures: Name and image agreement, familiarity, and age of acquisition. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41(1), 41–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pompéia, S., Miranda, M.C., & Bueno, O.F.A. (2001). A set of 400 pictures standardised for Portuguese: Norms for name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity for children and adults. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 59(2-B), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2001000300004

  • Price, C. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). The effects of surface detail on object categorization and naming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41A(4), 797–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raman, I., Raman, E., & Mertan, B. (2014). A standardized set of 260 pictures for Turkish: Norms of name and image agreement, age of acquisition, visual complexity, and conceptual familiarity. Behavior Research Methods, 46(2), 588–595. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0376-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosinski, R. R., Golinkoff, R. M., & Kukish, K. S. (1975). Automatic semantic processing in a picture-word interference task. Child Development, 46(1), 247–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossion, B., & Pourtois, G. (2004). Revisiting Snodgrass and Vanderwart’s object pictorial set: The role of surface detail in basic-level object recognition. Perception, 33(2), 217–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, J. P., McMullen, P. A., & Filliter, J. H. (2010). Norms for two types of manipulability (graspability and functional usage), familiarity, and age of acquisition for 320 photographs of objects. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanfeliù, M. C., & Fernandez, A. (1996). A set of 254 Snodgrass-Vanderwart pictures standardized for Spanish: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(4), 537–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, Z., & Stiegert, J. (2016). Predictors of photo naming: Dutch norms for 327 photos. Behavior Research Methods, 48(2), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0613-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silveri, M. C., Cappa, A., Mariotti, P., & Puopolo, M. (2002). Naming in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Influence of age of acquisition and categorical effects. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(6), 755–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 6(2), 174–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass, J. G., & Yuditsky, T. (1996). Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(4), 516–536. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, J., Weiskopf, D., & Williams, P. (2001). The role of color in high-level vision. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(5), 211–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268(5217), 1632–1634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsaparina, D., Bonin, P., & Méot, A. (2011). Russian norms for name agreement, image agreement for the colorized version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures and age of acquisition, conceptual familiarity, and imageability scores for modal object names. Behavior Research Methods, 43(4), https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0121-9.

  • Turner, J. E., Valentine, T., & Ellis, A. W. (1998). Contrasting effects of age of acquisition and word frequency on auditory and visual lexical decision. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 1282–1291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viggiano, M. P., Vannucci, M., & Righi, S. (2004). A new standardized set of ecological pictures for experimental and clinical research on visual object processing. Cortex, 40(3), 491–509.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weekes, B. S., Shu, H., Hao, M., Liu, Y., & Tan, L. H. (2007). Predictors of timed picture naming in Chinese. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 335–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, C., Feinberg, F., Luo, T., Hedden, T., Gutchess, A. H., Chen, H. Y. M., et al. (2004). A cross-culturally standardized set of pictures for younger and older adults: American and Chinese norms for name agreement, concept agreement, and familiarity. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 639–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zannino, G. D., Perri, R., Salamone, G., Di Lorenzo, C., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2010). Manipulating color and other visual information influences picture naming at different levels of processing: Evidence from Alzheimer subjects and normal controls. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2571–2578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a grant from the Language Institute, Thammasat University, B.E. 2557, awarded to the first author. We would like to thank Mathieu Brodeur for providing access to the Bank of Standardized Stimuli and Upsorn Tawilapakul for valuable advice concerning Thai linguistics. We also extend our gratitude to Jutarat Anansalung, Suthasinee Jaismith, Jirayu Loetcharoenwanich, Patitta Malathong, Natcha Meemanan, Morakot Radomkit, Luxsamee Tanviboolaya, and Paisarn Yamwong for their research assistance, and to all of the student volunteers of Thammasat University and Chulalongkorn University for their participation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of English and Linguistics, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand

    A. J. Benjamin Clarke

  2. Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Jason D. Ludington

Authors
  1. A. J. Benjamin Clarke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jason D. Ludington
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. J. Benjamin Clarke.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Clarke, A.J.B., Ludington, J.D. Thai Norms for Name, Image, and Category Agreement, Object Familiarity, Visual Complexity, Manipulability, and Age of Acquisition for 480 Color Photographic Objects. J Psycholinguist Res 47, 607–626 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-017-9544-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-017-9544-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation