Skip to main content
Log in

Attachment Security, the Quality of the Mentoring Relationship and Protégés’ Adjustment

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
The Journal of Primary Prevention Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Associations among protégés’ attachment orientations, the quality of their mentoring relationships, and mentoring outcomes were explored within the context of an Israeli national community-based mentoring program (Perach) comprising 167 protégés (47 % females, mean age 9.6). Contrary to expectations, we did not find a correlation between protégés’ level of attachment security and the quality of their mentoring relationship. However, the findings indicated associations between a positive mentoring relationship and protégés’ adjustment at the end of mentoring. Moreover, protégés’ attachment security moderated the associations between the quality of their mentoring relationships and their adjustment at the end of mentoring. Among secure protégés, a positive mentoring relationship was more positively associated with general self-concept than among insecure protégés. Although insecure protégés’ positive mentoring relationships were negatively associated with loneliness at the end of mentoring, these relationships were positively associated among insecure individuals. The theoretical and practical implications for mentoring interventions are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children’s loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 500–505. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.4.500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • August, G., Realmuto, G., Hektner, M., & Bloomquist, M. (2001). An integrated components preventive intervention for aggressive elementary children: The early risers program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 614–626. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, J. A., Grant, S., & Morlock, L. (2008). The teacher-student relationship as a developmental context for children with internalizing or externalizing behavior problems. School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 3–15. doi:10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauminger, N., & Kimhi-Kind, I. (2008). Social information processing, security of attachment, and emotion regulation in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41, 315–332. doi:10.1177/0022219408316095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. C., & Richards, A. J. (2002). Caregiving: The forgotten element in attachment. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 69–83. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1102_01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., & Cassidy, J. (1994). Attachment: Theory and evidence. In M. Rutter & D. Hay (Eds.), Development through life: A handbook for clinicians (pp. 373–402). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernier, A., & Dozier, M. (2002). The client—counselor match and the corrective emotional experience: Evidence from interpersonal and attachment research. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39, 32–43. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.39.1.32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.

  • Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (2008). Internal working models in attachment relationships: Elaborating a central concept in attachment theory. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 102–129). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavell, T. A., Elldege, C., Malcolm, K. T., Faith, M. A., & Hughes, J. N. (2009). Relationship quality and the mentoring aggressive, high-risk children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 185–198. doi:10.1080/15374410802698420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavell, T. A., & Hughes, J. N. (2000). Secondary prevention as context for assessing change processes in aggressive children. Journal of School Psychology, 38, 199–235. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00040-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavell, T. A., Meehan, B. T., Heffer, R. W., & Holladay, J. J. (2002). The natural mentors of adolescent children of alcoholics (COAs): Implication for preventive practices. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 23, 23–42. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00040-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkin, J. F., & Levy, K. N. (2004). The influence of client variables on psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin & Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 194–225). New York: Wiley.

  • Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., & Waters, E. (1999). The adult attachment interview and the relationship questionnaire: Relations to reports of mothers and partners. Personal Relationships, 6, 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00208.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Tormes Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., Hoffman, B. J., Baranik, L. E., Sauer, J. B., Baldwin, S., et al. (2012). An interdisciplinary meta-analysis of the potential antecedents, correlates, and consequences of protégé perceptions of mentoring. Psychological Bulletin (on line publication),. doi:10.1037/a0029279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, M. J., & Monroe, J. M. (2011). The relationship between adult attachment style and therapeutic alliance in individual psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy, 48, 237–248. doi:10.1037/a0022425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuBois, D. L., Holloway, B. E., Valentine, J., & Cooper, H. (2002). Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 157–197. doi:10.1023/A:1014628810714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J. C. (2011). How effective are mentoring programs for youth? A systematic assessment of the evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12, 57–91. doi:10.1177/1529100611414806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DuBois, D. L., & Rhodes, J. E. (2006). Introduction to the special issue; Youth mentoring: Bridging science with practice. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 647–655. doi:10.1002/jcop.20121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., Evans, S. C., Ng, T., & DuBois, D. L. (2008). Does mentoring matter? A multidisciplinary meta-analysis comparing mentored and non-mentored individuals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 254–267. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.005.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (1983). The mother- father: Peer scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

  • Georgiou, S. N., Demetriou, A. P., & Stavrinides, P. (2008). Attachment style and mentoring relationships in adolescence. Educational Psychology, 28, 603–614. doi:10.1080/01443410801982517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glazebrook, C., Hollis, C., Heussler, E., Goodmans, R., & Coates, L. (2003). Detecting emotional and behavioral problems in pediatric clinics. Child: Care, Health and Development, 29, 141–149. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2003.00324.x.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldner, L., & Mayseless, O. (2009). The quality of mentoring relationships and mentoring success. Journal of Youth & Adolescents., 38, 1339–1350. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9345-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldner, L., & Scharf, M. (2013). International and cross cultural aspects in youth mentoring. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), The handbook of youth mentoring (2nd ed., pp. 189–199). California: Sage publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, L. S., & Lake, V. E. (2000). “Love, love and more love for children”: Exploring perceived teachers’ understanding of caring. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 861–872. doi:10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00031-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 38, 581–586. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Journal of American Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1337–1345. doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999). Comparing the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: Is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychiatry, 27, 17–24. doi:10.1007/s007870070030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granot, D., & Mayseless, O. (2001). Attachment security and adjustment to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 530–541. doi:10.1080/01650250042000366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, J. B., & Rhodes, J. E. (2002). The test of time: Predictors and effect of duration in youth mentoring relationships. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 199–219. doi:10.1023/A:1014680827552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher-child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625–638. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2007). Learning opportunities in preschool and early elementary classroom. In R. C. Pianta, M. J. Cox, & K. Snow (Eds.), The new American elementary school (pp. 49–84). Baltimore: Paul H Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1985). Supplementary description of the self-perception for children revision of the perceived competence scale for children. Unpublished manuscript. University of Denver.

  • Jolliffe, D., & Farington, D. P. (2007). A rapid evidence assessment of the impact of mentoring on re-offending: A summary. Cambridge University: Home Office Online Report 11/07.

  • Karcher, M. J., Nakkula, M. J., & Harris, J. H. (2005). Developmental mentoring match characteristics: Correspondence between mentors’ and mentees’ assessment of relationship quality. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 26, 93–110. doi:10.1007/s10935-005-1847-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, T. E. (2005). A systemic model of the youth mentoring intervention. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 26, 169–188. doi:10.1007/s10935-005-1850-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, T. E., & Blakeslee, J. E. (2013). Social networks and mentoring. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), The handbook of youth mentoring (2nd ed., pp. 129–142). California: Sage publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, T. E., & Pryce, J. M. (2012). Different roles and different results: How activity orientations correspond to relationship quality and student outcomes in school-based mentoring. Journal of Primary Prevention, 33, 47–64. doi:10.1007/s10935-012-0264-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, K. A., Aspelmeier, J. E., Gentzler, A. L., & Grabill, C. M. (2001). Parent–child attachment and monitoring in middle childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 69–81. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. (1996). Peer relationship and preadolescents’ perceptions of security in child mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32, 457–466. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.3.457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., Knaack, A., & Rhines, H. M. (2004). Maternal parenting and children’s conscience: Early security as moderator. Child Development, 75, 1229–1242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1985). The children’s depression inventory: A self- rating depression scale for school—aged youngsters. Unpublished manuscript. New York: North Tonawanda.

  • Langhout, R. D., Rhodes, J. E., & Osborne, L. N. (2004). An exploratory study of youth mentoring in an urban context: Adolescents’ perceptions of relationship styles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 293–306. doi:10.1023/B:JOYO.0000032638.85483.44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larose, S., Bernier, A., & Soucy, N. (2005). Attachment as a moderator of the effect of security in mentoring on subsequent perceptions of mentoring and relationship quality with college teachers. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 399–415. doi:10.1177/0265407505052443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, B., Spencer, R., Brogan, D., & Corral, M. (2008). Mentoring relationships from early adolescence through emerging adulthood: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 168–182. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, volume 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 739–795). New Jersey: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallinckrodt, B. (2000). Attachment, social competencies, social support, and interpersonal process in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 10, 239–266. doi:10.1093/ptr/10.3.239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A., Burt, K., & Coatsworth, J. (2006). Competence and psychopathology in development. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, volume 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 696–738). New Jersey: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. G., & Asher, R. S. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611–621. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parra, G. R., DuBois, D. L., Neville, H. A., Pugh-Lilly, A., & Povinelli, N. (2002). Mentoring relationships for youth: Investigation of a process: Oriented model. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 367–388. doi:10.1002/jcop.10016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J. E. (1994). Older and wiser: Mentoring relationships in childhood and adolescence. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 14, 187–195. doi:10.1007/BF01324592.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J. E. (2002). Stand by me: The risk and rewards of mentoring today’s youth. Cambridge: Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J. E., & DuBois, D. L. (2008). Understanding and facilitating the youth mentoring movement. Social Policy Report, 20, 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J. E., & Lowe, S. R. (2008). Youth mentoring and resilience: Implications for practice. Child Care in Practice, 14, 9–17. doi:10.1080/13575270701733666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J., Lowe, S. R., Litchfield, L., & Walsh-Samp, K. (2008). The role of gender in youth mentoring relationship formation and duration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 183–192. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.09.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J., Reddy, R., Roffman, J., & Grossman, J. B. (2005). Promoting successful youth mentoring relationships: A preliminary screening questionnaire. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 26, 147–201. doi:10.1007/s10935-005-1849-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J. E., Spencer, R., Keller, T. M., Liang, B., & Noam, G. (2006). A model for the influence of mentoring relationships on youth development. Journal of community psychology, 34, 691–707. doi:10.1002/jcop.20124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricks, M. H. (1985). The social transmission of parental behavior: Attachment across generations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2, Serial No. 209), 211-227. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3333834.

  • Romano, V., Fitzpatrick, M., & Janzen, J. (2008). The secure—base hypothesis: Global attachment, attachment to counselor, and session exploration in psychotherapy. Journal in Counseling Psychology, 55, 495–504. doi:10.1037/a0013721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, E. M., Lopez, F. G., & Gormley, B. A. (2003). Respective contributions of therapist and client adult attachment orientations to the development of the early working alliance: A preliminary growth modeling study. Psychotherapy Research, 13, 371–382. doi:10.1093/ptr/kpg027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharf, M. (2013). Children’s social competence within close friendship: The role of self-perception and attachment orientations. School Psychology International,. doi:10.1177/0143034312474377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharf, M., Mayseless, O., & Kivenson-Baron, I. (2004). Adolescents’ attachment representations and developmental tasks in emerging adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 3, 430–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. E. O., Rhodes, J. E., Chan, C. S., & Herrera, C. (2011). The impact of school-based mentoring on youths with different relational profiles. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 450–462. doi:10.1037/a0021379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D. R., Moffett, A., Lieberman, L., & Dummer, G. M. (2005). Perceived competence of children with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 99, 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soucy, N., & Larose, S. (2000). Attachment and control in family and mentoring contexts as determinants of adolescent adjustment to college: Attachment and adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 125–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, R., & Liang, B. (2009). “She gives me a break from the world”: Formal youth mentoring relationships between adolescent girls and adult Women. Journal of primary prevention, 30, 109–130. doi:10.1007/s10935-009-0172-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. L., Otten, R., Engels, R. C. M. E., Vermulst, A. A., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (2010). Psychometric properties of the parent and teacher versions of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire for 4–12-year olds: A review. Clinical Child Family Psychology Review, 13, 254–274. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0071-2.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, N. R., & Zand, D. H. (2010). Mentees’ perceptions of their interpersonal relationships: The role of the mentor-youth bond. Youth Society, 41, 434–445. doi:10.1177/0044118X09334806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toblin, R. L., Schwartz, D., Gorman, H. A., & Abou-ezzedine, T. (2005). Social: Cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying. Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 329–346. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2005.02.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volkmann, B., & Bye, L. (2006). Improved school attendance through adult volunteer reading partners. Children & Schools, 28(3), 145–152. doi:10.1093/cs/28.3.145.

  • Zand, D. H., Thompson, N., Cervantes, R., Espritu, R., Klagholz, D., La Blanc, L., et al. (2009). The mentor–youth alliance: The role of mentoring relationships in promoting youth competence. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zegers, M. A. M., Schuengel, C., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (2006). Attachment representations of institutionalized adolescents and their professional caregivers: Predicting the development of therapeutic relationships. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 325–334. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Limor Goldner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Goldner, L., Scharf, M. Attachment Security, the Quality of the Mentoring Relationship and Protégés’ Adjustment. J Primary Prevent 35, 267–279 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0349-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0349-0

Keywords

Navigation