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Porous silica modification with sulfuric acids and potassium fluorides as catalysts for biodiesel conversion from waste cooking oils

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Abstract

Acid and base catalysts have been successfully synthesized, characterized, and applied. This research aimed to synthesize catalysts for biodiesel conversion from waste cooking oil. Acid catalyst (SO4/SiO2) was used to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) from feedstock and base catalyst (KF/SiO2) was used to convert the oil into biodiesel. The catalyst was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica precursor. The heating source employed the conventional and microwave heating method. The microwave-assisted presented more efficient and reduced reaction time by up to 50% and showed a larger surface area of 556.4 m2/g. Porous silica was treated by the addition of sulfuric acids (H2SO4) as acid agents and potassium fluoride (KF) as base agents with various concentrations of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0 M. These catalysts were varied in calcination temperature at 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C. The catalysts were analyzed and characterized by acidity and basicity analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, and SAA. The SO4/SiO2 2.0–550 exhibited the highest acidity which was 0.97 mEq KOH/g. This catalyst was able to reduce the FFA content from 3.6% to 1.62% with 5% of catalyst weight, 1:23 ratio mol oil to methanol, and 60 min of reaction time. The optimum basicity was achieved by KF/SiO2 2.0–550 with the basicity of 1.64 mmol HCl/g and proved that KF/SiO2 2.0–550 had catalytic activity in biodiesel conversion. This catalyst was applied to convert the esterified WCO in the transesterification step. The biodiesel was analyzed using GCMS and obtained up to 54.13% of methyl ester.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for financial support from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Republic Indonesia through PMDSU Batch IV Research Grant with contract number 2340/UN1/DITLIT/DIT-LIT/PT/2021 and Enhancing International Publication (EIP) Program 2021. The authors are also grateful for the helpful discussions and feedback from Dr. Justin M. Chalker from the Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia as part of Enhancing International Publication (EIP) Program.

Funding

PMDSU Batch IV Research Grant with contract number 2340/UN1/DITLIT/DIT-LIT/PT/2021 from Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Republic Indonesia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

    Aneu Aneu, Karna Wijaya & Akhmad Syoufian

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  1. Aneu Aneu
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  3. Akhmad Syoufian
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study. Aneu: writing manuscript, laboratorium activity, data analysis. Karna Wijaya: design research, resources, conceptualization, supervision. Akhmad Syoufian: data analysis, supervision, validation.

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Correspondence to Karna Wijaya.

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Aneu, A., Wijaya, K. & Syoufian, A. Porous silica modification with sulfuric acids and potassium fluorides as catalysts for biodiesel conversion from waste cooking oils. J Porous Mater 29, 1321–1335 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-022-01258-6

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