Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis of highly active and stable Al/Zr pillared clay as catalyst for catalytic wet oxidation of phenol

  • Published:
Journal of Porous Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Natural bentonite clay was used in the synthesis of single and mixed oxide Al/Zr pillared clay catalysts by means of ultrasonic treatment during the aging and intercalation steps. The raw bentonite and pillared clay catalysts were characterized using high resolution scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive system (HRSEM-EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), N2 adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, cation exchange capacity, zeta potential and all the catalysts evaluated in the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of phenol. Calcination of the synthesized Al/Zr-PILCs at 500 °C for 120 min yielded optimum physical properties with BET surface area of 230 m2/g, pore volume of 0.115 cm3/g and basal spacing of 1.92 nm and with good thermal stability. Complete removal of phenol was obtained after 120 min and 88% TOC was removed after 180 min in aqueous solution under mild reaction conditions of 100 °C and 10 bar after. Catalyst reusability studies showed that the Al/Zr-PILCs catalyst demonstrated excellent chemical and structural stability with insignificant leaching of Zr4+ after six consecutive catalytic runs. The Al/Zr-PILCs catalyst therefore demonstrated excellent catalytic properties in the CWAO of phenol in aqueous solution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. X. Sun, C. Wang, Y. Li, W. Wang, J. Wei, Treatment of phenolic wastewater by combined UF and NF/RO processes. Desalination 355, 68–74 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Mohammadi, A. Kargari, H. Sanaeepur, K. Abbassian, A. Najafi, E. Mofarrah, Phenol removal from industrial wastewaters: a short review. Desalin. Water Treat. 53, 2215–2234 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. L.G.C. Villegas, N. Mashhadi, M. Chen, D. Mukherjee, K.E. Taylor, N. Biswas, A short review of techniques for phenol removal from wastewater. Curr. Pollut. Rep. 2, 157–167 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. E. Aneggi, A. Trovarelli, D. Goi, Degradation of phenol in wastewaters via heterogeneous Fenton-like Ag/CeO2 catalyst. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5, 1159–1165 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Ye, X. Zhang, Z. Zhao, B. Song, Z. Zhang, W. Song, Pervaporation performance of surface-modified zeolite/PU mixed matrix membranes for separation of phenol from water. Iran. Polym. J. 26, 193–203 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. E.S.Z. El-Ashtoukhy, Y.A. El-Taweel, O. Abdelwahab, E.M. Nassef, Treatment of petrochemical wastewater containing phenolic compounds by electrocoagulation using a fixed bed electrochemical reactor. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 8, 1534–1550 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. B. van Koppen, B. Schreiner, Moving beyond integrated water resource management: developmental water management in South Africa. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 30, 543–558 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Department of Water Affairs, Water for an Equitable and Sustainable Future (Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  9. P. Kazemi, M. Peydayesh, A. Bandegi, T. Mohammadi, O. Bakhtiari, Stability and extraction study of phenolic wastewater treatment by supported liquid membrane using tributyl phosphate and sesame oil as liquid membrane. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 92, 375–383 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. G. Yang, H. Chen, H. Qin, X. Zhang, Y. Feng, Effect of nitrogen doping on the catalytic activity of activated carbon and distribution of oxidation products in catalytic wet oxidation of phenol. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 95, 1518 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Guo, M. Al-Dahhan, Activity and stability of iron-containing pillared clay catalysts for wet air oxidation of phenol. Appl. Catal. A 299, 175–184 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Guo, M. Al-Dahhan, Catalytic wet oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide over pillared clay catalyst. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42, 2450–2460 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Ding, S. Zuo, C. Qi, Preparation and characterization of novel composite AlCr-pillared clays and preliminary investigation for benzene adsorption. Appl. Clay Sci. 115, 9–16 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Olaya, S. Moreno, R. Molina, Synthesis of pillared clays with Al13-Fe and Al13-Fe-Ce polymers in solid state assisted by microwave and ultrasound: characterization and catalytic activity. Appl. Catal. A 370, 7–15 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. J.T. Kloprogge, L.V. Duong, R.L. Frost, A review of the synthesis and characterisation of pillared clays and related porous materials for cracking of vegetable oils to produce biofuels. Environ. Geol. 47, 967–981 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. M.A. Vicente, A. Gil, F. Bergaya, Pillared clays and clay minerals. Handb. Clay Sci. 5, 524 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. Baloyi, T. Ntho, J. Moma, Synthesis and application of pillared clay heterogeneous catalysts for wastewater treatment: a review. RSC Adv. 8, 5197–5211 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. F. Tomul, The effect of ultrasonic treatment on iron–chromium pillared bentonite synthesis and catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol. Appl. Clay Sci. 120, 121–134 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. V. Singh, V. Sapehiyia, G.L. Kad, Ultrasound and microwave activated preparation of ZrO2-pillared clay composite: catalytic activity for selective, solventless acylation of 1, n-diols. J. Mol. Catal. A 210, 119–124 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. G. Fetter, P. Bosch, Microwave effect on clay pillaring, in Pillared Clays and Related Catalysts (Springer, New York, 2010), pp. 1–21

    Google Scholar 

  21. Z.U.O. Shufeng, Z. Renxian, Q.I. Chenze, Synthesis and characterization of aluminum and Al/REE pillared clays and supported palladium catalysts for benzene oxidation. J. Rare Earths 29, 52–57 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. C.B. Molina, J.A. Casas, J.A. Zazo, J.J. Rodriguez, A comparison of Al-Fe and Zr-Fe pillared clays for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. Chem. Eng. J. 118, 29–35 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. S. Mnasri-Ghnimi, N. Frini-Srasra, Promoting effect of cerium on the characteristic and catalytic activity of Al, Zr, and Al–Zr pillared clay. Appl. Clay Sci. 88, 214–220 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. I. Fatimah, Preparation of ZrO2/Al2O3-montmorillonite composite as catalyst for phenol hydroxylation. J. Adv. Res. 5, 663–670 (2014)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. W. Ye, B. Zhao, H. Gao, J. Huang, X. Zhang, Preparation of highly efficient and stable Fe, Zn, Al-pillared montmorillonite as heterogeneous catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of Orange II. J. Porous Mater. 23, 301–310 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. G. Fetter, G. Heredia, L.A. Velázquez, A.M. Maubert, P. Bosch, Synthesis of aluminum-pillared montmorillonites using highly concentrated clay suspensions. Appl. Catal. A 162, 41–45 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G. Fetter, G. Heredia, A.M. Maubert, P. Bosch, Synthesis of Al-intercalated montmorillonites using microwave irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. 6, 1857–1858 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S.P. Katdare, V. Ramaswamy, A.V. Ramaswamy, Factors affecting the preparation of alumina pillared montmorillonite employing ultrasonics. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 37, 329–336 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Ma, Y. Wen, Q. Yue, A. Li, J. Fu, N. Zhang, H. Gai, J. Zheng, B.H. Chen, Oxygen-vacancy-promoted catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol from MnOx–CeO2. RSC Adv. 7, 27079–27088 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. E. Nissam, S. Sugunan, Catalysis by Modified Pillared Clays and Porous Clay Heterostructures (2014)

  31. F. Tomul, S. Balci, Characterization of Al, Cr-pillared clays and CO oxidation. Appl. Clay Sci. 43, 13–20 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. R.E. Grim, Clay Mineralogy, 2nd edn. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968), pp. 185–224

    Google Scholar 

  33. W.M. Gitari, Attenuation of metal species in acidic solutions using bentonite clay: implications for acid mine drainage remediation. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 96, 201–217 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Benjelloun, P. Cool, T. Linssen, E.F. Vansant, Acidic porous clay heterostructures: study of their cation exchange capacity. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 49, 83–94 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. H. Zhang, X. Liang, C. Yang, C. Niu, J. Wang, X. Su, Nano γ-Fe2O3/bentonite magnetic composites: synthesis, characterization and application as adsorbents. J. Alloy. Compd. 688, 1019–1027 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. W. Huang, Y.-K. Leong, T. Chen, P.-I. Au, X. Liu, Z. Qiu, Surface chemistry and rheological properties of API bentonite drilling fluid: pH effect, yield stress, zeta potential and ageing behaviour. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 146, 561–569 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. X. Peng, Z. Luan, F. Chen, B. Tian, Z. Jia, Adsorption of humic acid onto pillared bentonite. Desalination 174, 135–143 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J. Zhou, P. Wu, Z. Dang, N. Zhu, P. Li, J. Wu, X. Wang, Polymeric Fe/Zr pillared montmorillonite for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 162, 1035–1044 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. S.I. Rathnayake, W.N. Martens, Y. Xi, R.L. Frost, G.A. Ayoko, Remediation of Cr (VI) by inorganic-organic clay. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 490, 163–173 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. H. Ma, Y. Hei, L. Hua, Y. Guo, Y. Yang, C.-l. Yu, X.-R. Qiao, Fabrication of zirconium-pillared montmorillonite porous ceramic as adsorbents for Cr3+ removal and recycling. Ceram. Int. 42, 14903–14909 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. P. Kumararaja, K.M. Manjaiah, S.C. Datta, B. Sarkar, Remediation of metal contaminated soil by aluminium pillared bentonite: synthesis, characterisation, equilibrium study and plant growth experiment. Appl. Clay Sci. 137, 115–122 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. V. Masindi, M.W. Gitari, H. Tutu, M. DeBeer, Synthesis of cryptocrystalline magnesite–bentonite clay composite and its application for neutralization and attenuation of inorganic contaminants in acidic and metalliferous mine drainage. J. Water Process Eng. 15, 2 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. V. Masindi, W.M. Gitari, K.G. Pindihama, Synthesis of cryptocrystalline magnesite/bentonite clay composite and its application for removal of phosphate from municipal wastewaters. Environ. Technol. 37, 603–612 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. M. El Miz, S. Salhi, I. Chraibi, A. El Bachiri, M.-L. Fauconnier, A. Tahani, Characterization and adsorption study of thymol on pillared bentonite. Open J. Phys. Chem. 4, 98 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. S. Mnasri, N. Frini-Srasra, Influence of aluminium incorporation in the preparation of zirconia-pillared clay and catalytic performance in the acetalization reaction. Clay Miner. 47, 453 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. G. Fetter, V. Hernández, V. Rodríguez, M.A. Valenzuela, V.H. Lara, P. Bosch, Effect of microwave irradiation time on the synthesis of zirconia-pillared clays. Mater. Lett. 57, 1220–1223 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. F. Tomul, Effect of ultrasound on the structural and textural properties of copper-impregnated cerium-modified zirconium-pillared bentonite. Appl. Surf. Sci. 258, 1836–1848 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. F.T. Basoglu, S. Balci, Catalytic properties and activity of copper and silver containing Al-pillared bentonite for CO oxidation. J. Mol. Struct. 1106, 382–389 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. L.M. Wu, D.S. Tong, L.Z. Zhao, W.H. Yu, C.H. Zhou, H. Wang, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis for hydrothermal transformation of microcrystalline cellulose on montmorillonite. Appl. Clay Sci. 95, 74–82 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Acemana, N. Lahav, S. Yariv, A thermo-FTIR-spectroscopy analysis of Al-pillared smectites differing in source of charge, in KBr disks. Thermochim. Acta 340, 349–366 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. F. Tomul, S. Balci, Synthesis and characterization of Al-pillared interlayered bentonites. Gazi Univ. J. Sci. 21, 21–31 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  52. B. Caglar, B.Q. Afsin, A. Tabak, E. Eren, Characterization of the cation-exchanged bentonites by XRPD, ATR, DTA/TG analyses and BET measurement. Chem. Eng. J. 149, 242–248 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. B. Caglar, B. Afsin, A. Tabak, E. Eren, Characterization of the cation-exchanged bentonites by XRPD, ATR, DTA/TG analyses and BET measurement. Chem. Eng. J. 149, 242–248 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Gao, W. Li, H. Sun, Z. Zheng, X. Cui, H. Wang, F. Meng, A facile in situ pillaring method—the synthesis of Al-pillared montmorillonite. Appl. Clay Sci. 88, 228–232 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. W. Schwieger, G. Lagaly, S.M. Auerbach, K.A. Carrado, P.K. Dutta, Handbook of Layered Materials (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  56. P. Canizares, J.L. Valverde, M.R.S. Kou, C.B. Molina, Synthesis and characterization of PILCs with single and mixed oxide pillars prepared from two different bentonites. A comparative study. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 29, 267–281 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. S.V. Awate, S.B. Waghmode, M.S. Agashe, Synthesis, characterization and catalytic evaluation of zirconia-pillared montmorillonite for linear alkylation of benzene. Catal. Commun. 5, 407–411 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. H. Jung, S.-M. Paek, J.-B. Yoon, J.-H. Choy, Zr K-edge XAS study on ZrO2-pillared aluminosilicate. J. Porous Mater. 14, 369–377 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. S. Mnasri, N. Hamdi, N. Frini-Srasra, E. Srasra, Acid–base properties of pillared interlayered clays with single and mixed Zr–Al oxide pillars prepared from Tunisian-interstratified illite–smectite. Arab. J. Chem. (2014)

  60. K.S.W. Sing, Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984). Pure Appl. Chem. 57, 603–619 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. S.J. Gregg, K.S.W. Sing, Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity (Academic Press, London, 1967)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  62. M. Lefrancois, G. Malbois, The nature of the acidic sites on mordenite. J. Catal. 20, 350–358 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. M. Kojima, M.W. Rautenbach, C.T. O’Connor, Acidity characterization of ion-exchanged mordenite. J. Catal. 112, 495–504 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. B.T. Loveless, A. Gyanani, D.S. Muggli, Discrepancy between TPD-and FTIR-based measurements of Brønsted and Lewis acidity for sulfated zirconia. Appl. Catal. B 84, 591–597 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. F. Kooli, J. Bovey, W. Jones, Dependence of the properties of titanium-pillared clays on the hostmatrix: a comparison of montmorillonite, saponite and rectorite pillaredmaterials. J. Mater. Chem. 7, 153–158 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. C. Breen, A.T. Deane, J.J. Flynn, The acidity of trivalent cation-exchanged montmorillonite. Temperature-programmed desorption and infrared studies of pyridine and n-butylamine. Clay Miner. 22, 169–178 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. N. Rinaldi, A. Kristiani, Physicochemical of pillared clays prepared by several metal oxides, in AIP Conference Proceedings, pp. 020063

  68. J.L. Valverde, P. Cañizares, M.R.S. Kou, C.B. Molina, Enhanced thermal stability of Al-pillared smectites modified with Ce and La. Clays Clay Miner. 48, 424–432 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. H.J. Chae, I.-S. Nam, S.W. Ham, S.B. Hong, Physicochemical characteristics of pillared interlayered clays. Catal. Today 68, 31–40 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. J. Pires, J. Francisco, A. Carvalho, M. Brotas, A.R. de Carvalho, C. Silva, B. Freire, de Castro, Development of novel pillared clays for the encapsulation of inorganic complexes. Langmuir 20, 2861–2866 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. S. Yang, X. Li, W. Zhu, J. Wang, C. Descorme, Catalytic activity, stability and structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the wet air oxidation of phenol. Carbon 46, 445–452 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. S. Yang, Y. Cui, Y. Sun, H. Yang, Graphene oxide as an effective catalyst for wet air oxidation of phenol. J. Hazard. Mater. 280, 55–62 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. R.P. Rocha, A.G. Gonçalves, L.M. Pastrana-Martínez, B.C. Bordoni, O. Soares, J.J.M. Órfão, J.L. Faria, J.L. Figueiredo, A.M.T. Silva, M.F.R. Pereira, Nitrogen-doped graphene-based materials for advanced oxidation processes. Catal. Today 249, 192–198 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. A.E. de Los Monteros, G. Lafaye, A. Cervantes, G.Del Angel, J. Barbier Jr., G. Torres, Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol over metal catalyst (Ru, Pt) supported on TiO2–CeO2 oxides. Catal. Today 258, 564–569 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. A. Quintanilla, J.A. Casas, A.F. Mohedano, J.J. Rodríguez, Reaction pathway of the catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol with a Fe/activated carbon catalyst. Appl. Catal. B 67, 206–216 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. R.R. Zapico, P. Marín, F.V. Díez, S. Ordóñez, Influence of operation conditions on the copper-catalysed homogeneous wet oxidation of phenol: development of a kinetic model. Chem. Eng. J. 270, 122–132 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. A. Santos, P. Yustos, A. Quintanilla, S. Rodrıguez, F. Garcıa-Ochoa, Route of the catalytic oxidation of phenol in aqueous phase. Appl. Catal. B 39, 97–113 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. G. Yang, H. Chen, H. Qin, X. Zhang, Y. Feng, Effect of nitrogen doping on the catalytic activity of activated carbon and distribution of oxidation products in catalytic wet oxidation of phenol. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 95, 1518–1525 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. F. Arena, R. Di Chio, B. Gumina, L. Spadaro, G. Trunfio, Recent advances on wet air oxidation catalysts for treatment of industrial wastewaters. Inorg. Chim. Acta 431, 101–109 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. H. Sassi, G. Lafaye, H.B. Amor, A. Gannouni, M.R. Jeday, J. Barbier, Wastewater treatment by catalytic wet air oxidation process over Al-Fe pillared clays synthesized using microwave irradiation. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 12, 2 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. S. Jafarinejad, Cost-Effective Catalytic Materials for AOP Treatment Units (2017)

  82. M. Kurian, V.R. Remya, C. Kunjachan, Catalytic wet oxidation of chlorinated organics at mild conditions over iron doped nanoceria. Catal. Commun. 99, 75–78 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the National Research Foundation (NRF)/Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa under Professional Development Programme (PDP) Project No. 96719 and Mineral Science Council of South Africa (Mintek) under CWO of Wastewater Project No. ADE 164.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Science Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa

    Jeffrey Baloyi & John Moma

  2. Advanced Materials Division, MINTEK, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125, South Africa

    Jeffrey Baloyi & Thabang Ntho

Authors
  1. Jeffrey Baloyi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thabang Ntho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John Moma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John Moma.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 167 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baloyi, J., Ntho, T. & Moma, J. Synthesis of highly active and stable Al/Zr pillared clay as catalyst for catalytic wet oxidation of phenol. J Porous Mater 26, 583–597 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-018-0667-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-018-0667-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation