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Esterification of stearic acid with methanol over mesoporous ordered sulfated ZrO2–SiO2 mixed oxide aerogel catalyst

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Abstract

Aerogel sulfated ZrO2–SiO2 mixed oxide solid acid catalyst was prepared by sol–gel method followed by supercritical drying (SCD) in n-propanol solvent, which resulted into higher surface area (170 m2/g), pore volume (0.31 cm3/g) and pore diameter (7.2 nm) having ordered mesoporous structure as well as more number of Brönsted and Lewis acid sites available on larger surface area. The catalyst exhibited 91 % yield of methyl stearate at 60 °C in 7 h, which increased from 71 to 91 % with an increase in the Zr to Si ratio from 1:2 to 2:1 due to increase in acid site concentration. The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics under the optimized reaction conditions with a reaction rate of 1.15 mmol h−1, rate constant of 2.7 × 10−1 h−1 and turn over frequency of 9.68 h−1. The catalyst displayed higher activity (91 %) compared to ion exchange resins (44–68 %), Nafion (58 %), acid clay (61 %) and pure sulfated zirconia (78 %), and was slightly lower as compared to H2SO4 (97 %). The study clearly reveals the improved structural, textural and acidic properties of ZrO2–SiO2 mixed oxide aerogel prepared via SCD technique.

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Acknowledgments

CSIR-CSMCRI communication No. 178/2015. Authors are thankful to CSIR Network Programme on Indus magic (CSC-0123) for financial assistance and to ‘Analytical Division and Centralized Instrumental Facilities’ for providing instrumentation facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India

    K. Saravanan, Beena Tyagi & Hari C. Bajaj

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India

    K. Saravanan, Beena Tyagi & Hari C. Bajaj

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  1. K. Saravanan
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  2. Beena Tyagi
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Correspondence to Beena Tyagi.

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Saravanan, K., Tyagi, B. & Bajaj, H.C. Esterification of stearic acid with methanol over mesoporous ordered sulfated ZrO2–SiO2 mixed oxide aerogel catalyst. J Porous Mater 23, 937–946 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-016-0151-x

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