Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental optima for common diatoms from Ontario lakes along gradients of lakewater pH, total phosphorus concentration, and depth

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Journal of Paleolimnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Diatoms are powerful biomonitoring indicators for contemporary and past limnological conditions, provided that their environmental optima are well-defined. Surface-sediment-calibration (or training) sets are widely used to develop quantitative transfer functions linking species distributions to limnological variables. Accurate estimates of each taxon’s environmental optimum benefit from a large dataset spanning a broad gradient of the variable of interest. Here, we compiled data from surface-sediment-diatom analyses from over 450 lakes in Ontario (Canada) to identify ecological optima for the province’s most common taxa. The data were collected from the same laboratory using similar methods and spanned more than three decades of research (1987–2019) on 546 samples (representing 464 unique sites). We describe the ecological responses of 52 common diatom taxa to three limnological variables that are key to lake management: pH, total phosphorus (TP), and maximum lake depth. The gradients were broad (pH: 4.2–9.3; TP: 1.1–96.8 µg L−1; maximum depth: 0.7–95.0 m), enabling robust statistical analyses. We used hierarchical logistic regression modelling to identify statistically significant ecological response curves for all common taxa, and weighted averaging to identify the optima. In our dataset, 96% of common diatom taxa had significant ecological responses and optima for pH, 81% for TP, and 83% for depth. Aside from the benthic cosmopolitan Achnanthidium minutissimum complex (occurring in 88.1% of samples), the most frequently recorded taxa were planktonic, including Discostella stelligera/pseudostelligera (83.2%), Asterionella formosa (77.8%), and the Lindavia bodanica complex (76.6%). Our results illustrate the responses of diatom taxa across key limnological gradients, providing important autecological information to advance their use as bioindicators in environmental assessments. These data can be used to address management and knowledge gaps in understudied areas of Ontario where calibration sets are not available and can support research in regions with similar limnological environments and diatom communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ács E, Ari E, Duleba M, Dreßler M, Genkal SI, Jakó E, Rimet F, Ector L, Kiss KT (2016) Pantocsekiella, a new centric diatom genus based on morphological and genetic studies. Fottea 16:56–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexson EE, Reavie ED, Van de Vijver B, Wetzel CE, Ector L, Wellard Kelly HA, Aliff NA, Estepp LR (2022) Revision of the needle-shaped Fragilaria species (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) in the Laurentian Great Lakes (United States of America, Canada). J Great Lakes Res 48:999–1020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DM, Glibert PM, Burkholder JM (2002) Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 25:704–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow JL, Jeziorski A, Rühland KM, Hadley KR, Smol JP (2014) Diatoms indicate that calcium decline, not acidification, explains recent cladoceran assemblage changes in south-central Ontario softwater lakes. J Paleolimnol 52:61–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battarbee RW (1990) The causes of lake acidification, with special reference to the role of acid deposition. Phil Trans R Soc B 327:339–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Battarbee RW, Jones VJ, Flower RJ, Cameron NG, Bennion H, Carvalho L, Juggins S (2001a) Diatoms. In: Smol JP, Birks HJB, Last WM (eds) Tracking environmental change using lake sediments, vol 3. Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 155–202

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Battarbee RW, Charles DF, Bigler C, Cumming BF, Renberg I (2010) Diatoms as indicators of surface-water acidity. In: Smol JP, Stoermer EF (eds) The diatoms: applications for the environmental and earth sciences, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 98–121

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Battarbee RW, Juggins S, Gasse F, Anderson NJ, Bennion H, Cameron NG, Ryves DB, Pailles C, Chalié, F, Telford R (2001b) European Diatom Database (EDDI). An information system for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. (ECRC Research Report No. 81). University College London Environmental Change Research Centre, London

  • Birks HJB, Line JM, Juggins S, Stevenson AC, ter Braak CJF (1990) Diatoms and pH reconstruction. Phil Trans R Soc B 327:263–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Birks HJB, Juggins S, Lotter A, Smol JP (2012) Tracking environmental change using lake sediments. Vol 5. Data handling and numerical techniques. Springer, Dordrecht, p 745

  • Camburn KE, Charles DF (2000) Diatoms of low-alkalinity lakes in the northeastern United States Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Special Publication 18, p 152

  • Chen G, Dalton C, Leira M, Taylor D (2008) Diatom-based total phosphorus (TP) and pH transfer functions for the Irish Ecoregion. J Paleolimnol 40:143–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Y, Michelutti N, Paterson AM, Meyer-Jacob C, Smol JP (2022) Developing diatom-based inference models to assess lake ecosystem change along a gradient of metal smelting impacts: Sudbury lakes revisited. J Phycol 58:530–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark BJ, Paterson AM, Jeziorski A, Kelsey S (2010) Assessing variability in total phosphorus measurements in Ontario lakes. Lake Reserv Manag 26:63–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming BF, Smol JP, Kingston JC, Charles DF, Birks HJB, Camburn KE, Dixit SS, Uutala AJ, Selle AR (1992) How much acidification has occurred in Adirondack Region Lakes (New York, USA) since preindustrial times? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 49:128–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming BF, Laird KR, Gregory-Eaves I, Simpson KG, Sokal MA, Nordin RN, Walker IR (2015) Tracking past changes in lake-water phosphorus with a 251-lake calibration dataset in British Columbia: tool development and application in a multiproxy assessment of eutrophication and recovery in Osoyoos Lake, a transboundary lake in Western North America. Front Ecol Evol 3:84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit SS, Dixit AS, Smol JP (1989) Relationship between chrysophyte assemblages and environmental variables in seventy-two Sudbury lakes as examined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 46:1667–1676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit SS, Dixit AS, Smol JP (1991) Multivariable environmental inferences based on diatom assemblages from Sudbury (Canada) lakes. Freshw Biol 26:251–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit SS, Smol JP, Kingston JC, Charles DF (1992) Diatoms: powerful indicators of environmental change. Environ Sci Technol 26:22–33

  • Dixit SS, Dixit AS, Smol JP (2002) Diatom and chrysophyte functions and inferences of post-industrial acidification and recent recovery trends in Killarney lakes (Ontario, Canada). J Paleolimnol 27:79–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enache MD, Paterson AM, Cumming BF (2011) Changes in diatom assemblages since pre-industrial times in 40 reference lakes from the Experimental Lakes Area (northwestern Ontario, Canada). J Paleolimnol 46:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada (1994a) Manual of analytical methods. Volume 1: Major ions and nutrients. National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Canadian Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON, Canada

  • Environment Canada (1994b) Manual of analytical methods. Volume 2: Trace metals. National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Canadian Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON, Canada

  • Favot EJ, Rühland KM, DeSellas AM, Ingram R, Paterson AM, Smol JP (2019) Climate variability promotes unprecedented cyanobacterial blooms in a remote, oligotrophic Ontario lake: evidence from paleolimnology. J Paleolimnol 62:31–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Favot EJ (2021) Investigating long-term environmental trends in central Ontario lakes impacted by cyanobacterial blooms. Doctoral dissertation, Queen’s University.

  • Fritz SC, Juggins S, Battarbee RW (1993) Diatom assemblages and ionic characterization of lakes of the Northern Great Plains, North America: a tool for reconstructing past salinity and climate fluctuations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:1844–1856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glew JR (1988) A portable extruding device for close interval sectioning of unconsolidated sediment samples. J Paleolimnol 1:235–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glew JR (1989) A new trigger mechanism for sediment subsampler. J Paleolimnol 2:241–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glew JR (1991) Miniature gravity corer for recovering short sediment cores. J Paleolimnol 5:285–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenaway CM, Paterson AM, Keller W, Smol JP (2012) Dramatic diatom species assemblage responses in lakes recovering from acidification and metal contamination near Wawa, Ontario, Canada: a paleolimnological perspective. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 69:656–669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2022) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org

  • Gushulak CAC, Laird KR, Bennet JR, Cumming BF (2017) Water depth is a strong driver of intra-lake diatom distributions in a small boreal lake. J Paleolimnol 56:231–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley KR, Paterson AM, Hall RI, Smol JP (2013) Effects of multiple stressors on lakes in south-central Ontario: 15 years of change in lakewater chemistry and sedimentary diatom assemblages. Aquat Sci 75:349–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall RI, Smol JP (1996) Paleolimnological assessment of long-term water-quality changes in south-central Ontario lakes affected by cottage development and acidification. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargan KE, Nelligan C, Jeziorski A, Rühland PAM, Keller W, Smol JP (2016) Tracking the long-term responses of diatoms and cladocerans to climate warming and human influences across lakes of the Ring of Fire in the Far North of Ontario, Canada. J Paleolimnol 56:153–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heegaard E (2002) The outer border and central border for species—environmental relationships estimated by non-parametric generalised additive models. Ecol Modell 157:131–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hübener T, Dreßler M, Schwarz A, Langner K, Adler S (2008) Dynamic adjustment of training sets (‘moving-window’ reconstruction) by using transfer functions in paleolimnology—a new approach. J Paleolimnol 40:79–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hübener T, Adler S, Werner P, Schult M, Erlenkeuser H, Meyer H, Bahnwart M (2009) A multi-proxy paleolimnological reconstruction of trophic state reference conditions for stratified carbonate-rich lakes in Northern Germany. In: Buczkó K, Korponai J, Padisák J, Starratt SW (eds) Palaeolimnological proxies as tools of environmental reconstruction in fresh water. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 303–327

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Huisman J, Olff H, Fresco LFM (1993) A hierarchical set of models for species response analysis. J Veg Sci 4:37–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huot Y, Brown CA, Potvin G, Antoniades D, Baulch HM, Beisner BE, Bélanger S, Brazeau S, Cabana H, Cardille JA, del Giorgio PA, Gregory-Eaves I, Fortin M-J, Lang AS, Laurion I, Maranger R, Prairie YT, Rusak JA, Segura PA, Siron R, Smol JP, Vinebrooke RD, Walsh DA (2019) The NSERC Canadian Lake Pulse Network: a national assessment of lake health providing science for water management in a changing climate. Sci Total Environ 695:133668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janhurst S (ed) (1998) 1995 and 1996 performance report: general chemistry and microbiology analyses section. Ontario Ministry of Environment report, p 306

  • Jansen F, Oksanen J (2013) How to model species responses along ecological gradients—Huisman–Olff–Fresco models revisited. J Veg Sci 24:1108–1117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juggins S, Birks HJB (2012) Quantitative environmental reconstructions from biological data. In: Birks HJB, Lotter AF, Juggins S, Smol JP (eds) Tracking environmental change using lake sediments: data handling and numerical techniques. Springer, pp 431–494

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Julius ML, Theriot EC (2010) The diatoms: a primer. In: Smol JP, Stoermer EF (eds) The diatoms: applications for the environmental and earth sciences, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 8–22

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Keller W (2009) Limnology in northeastern Ontario: from acidification to multiple stressors. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 66:1189–1198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koppen JD (1975) A morphological and taxonomic consideration of Tabellaria (Bacillariophyceae) from the northcentral United States. J Phycol 11:236–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Krammer K (1997) Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen. Eine Monographie der weltweit bekannten Taxa. Teil 2. Encyonema Part., Encyonopsis und Cymbellopsis. Bibl Diatomol 37:1–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H (1986–1991). Bacillariophyceae. In: Ettl H, Gerloff D, Heynig D, Mollenhauer D (eds) Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 876, 596, 576, 437

  • Lecointe C, Coste M, Prygiel J (1993) “Omnidia”: software for taxonomy, calculation of diatom indices and inventories management. Hydrobiologia 269(270):509–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann DG, Vanormelingen P (2013) An inordinate fondness? The number, distributions, and origins of diatom species. J Eukaryot Microbiol 60:414–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelligan C, Jeziorski A, Rühland KM, Paterson AM, Smol JP (2016) Managing lake trout lakes in a warming world: a paleolimnological assessment of nutrients and lake production at three Ontario sites. Lake Reserv Manag 32:315–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelligan C, Jeziorski A, Rühland KM, Paterson AM, Meyer-Jacob C, Smol JP (2020) A multibasin comparison of historical water quality trends in Lake Manitou, Ontario, a provincially significant lake trout lake. Lake Reserv Manag 36:243–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ontario Ministry of Environment (OME) (1979) Determination of the susceptibility to acidification of poorly buffered surface water. Technical Report, p 22

  • Ontario Ministry of Environment (OME) (1981) Outlines of analytical methods. Technical report

  • Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OME) (1983) Handbook of analytical methods for environmental samples, vols 1 and 2. Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Sudbury

  • Oksanen J, Minchin PR (2002) Continuum theory revisited: what shape are species responses along ecological gradients? Ecol Modell 157:119–129

  • Patrick R, Reimer CW (1966) The diatoms of the united states. vol 1. Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp 1–688

  • R Core Team (2020) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/

  • Ramstack JM, Fritz SC, Engstrom DR, Heiskary SA (2003) The application of a diatom-based transfer function to evaluate regional water-quality trends in Minnesota since 1970. J Paleolimnol 29:79–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramstack JM, Fritz SC, Engstrom DR (2004) Twentieth century water quality trends in Minnesota lakes compared with presettlement variability. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:561–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reavie ED, Kireta AR (2015) Centric, Araphid and Eunotioid Diatoms of the Coastal Laurentian Great Lakes. In: Bibliotheca Diatomologica Band. Vol 62. J. Cramer. Berlin, p 184

  • Reavie ED, Juggins S (2011) Exploration of sample size and diatom-based indicator performance in three North American phosphorus training sets. Aquat Ecol 45:529–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reavie ED, Smol JP (2001) Diatom-environmental relationships in 64 alkaline southeastern Ontario (Canada) lakes: a diatom-based model for water quality reconstructions. J Paleolimnol 25:25–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG (1990) The diatoms: biology and morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press, p 747

    Google Scholar 

  • Rühland KM, Smol JP (2002) Freshwater diatoms from the Canadian Arctic treeline and development of paleolimnological inference models. J Phycol 38:249–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rühland KM, Smol JP, Pienitz R (2003) Ecology and spatial distributions of surface-sediment diatoms from 77 lakes in the subarctic Canadian treeline region. Can J Bot 81:57–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rühland KM, Paterson AM, Keller W, Michelutti N, Smol JP (2013) Global warming triggers the loss of a key Arctic refugium. Proc R Soc B 280:20131887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rühland KM, Hargan KE, Jeziorski A, Paterson AM, Keller W, Smol JP (2014) A multi-trophic exploratory survey of recent environmental changes using lake sediments in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada. Arct Antarct Alp Res 46:139–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rühland KM, Paterson AM, Smol JP (2015) Lake diatom responses to warming: reviewing the evidence. J Paleolimnol 54:1–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler DW (1988) Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems. Science 239:149–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler DW, Hecky RE, Stainton MP, Parker BR, Paterson MJ, Beaty KG, Lyng M, Kasian SEM (2008) Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:11254–11258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz K, Dreßler M (2022) Transfer of Cyclotella michiganiana Skvortzov to the genus Pantocsekiella K.T. Kiss & Ács (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyta). Not Algarum 250:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson GL, Hall RI (2012) Human impacts: applications of Numerical methods to evaluate surface-water acidification and eutrophication. In: Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments, pp 579–614

  • Simpson GL, Oksanen J (2020) analogue: analogue matching and modern analogue technique transfer function models. (R package version 0.17–5) https://cran.r-project.org/package=analogue

  • Sivarajah B, Rühland KM, Labaj AL, Paterson AM, Smol JP (2016) Why is the relative abundance of Asterionella formosa increasing in a Boreal Shield lake as nutrient levels decline? J Paleolimnol 55:357–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivarajah B, Paterson AM, Rühland KM, Köster D, Karst-Riddoch T, Smol JP (2018) Diatom responses to 20th century shoreline development and climate warming in three embayments of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. J Great Lakes Res 44:1339–1350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siver PA, Kling H (1997) Morphological observations of Aulacoseira using scanning electron microscopy. Can J Bot 75:1807–1835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smol JP (2008) Pollution of lakes and rivers: a paleoenvironmental perspective. 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, p 383

  • Smol JP, Stoermer EF (eds) (2010) The diatoms: applications for the environmental and earth sciences. Cambridge University Press, p 686

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaulding SA, Potapova MG, Bishop IW, Lee SS, Gasperak TS, Javanoska E, Furey PC, Edlund MB (2022) Diatoms.org: supporting taxonomists, connecting communities. Diatom Res 36:291–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ter Braak CJF, Looman CWN (1986) Weighted averaging, logistic regression and the Gaussian response model. Vegetatio 65:3–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay R, Pienitz R, Legendre P (2014) Reconstructing phosphorus levels using models based on the modern diatom assemblages of 55 lakes in southern Quebec. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71:887–914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valleau RE, Rühland KM, Paterson AM, Smol JP (2022) Using diatoms to track road-salt seepage into small, shallow, softwater Ontario lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 79:9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valleau RE (2021) Assessing the effects of road salt application (NaCl) on Cladocera and diatoms across a gradient of chloride concentrations. PhD dissertation, Queen’s University

  • Van Staden TL, Van Meter KJ, Basu NB, Parsons CT, Akbarzadeh Z, Van Cappellen P (2022) Agricultural phosphorus surplus trajectories for Ontario, Canada (1961–2016), and erosional export risk. Sci Tot Environ 818:151717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner P, Smol JP (2005) Diatom-environmental relationships and nutrient transfer functions from contrasting shallow and deep limestone lakes in Ontario, Canada. Hydrobiologia 533:145–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel RG (2001) Limnology: lake and river ecosystems, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, p 1006

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickham H (2016) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer, New York, p 213

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins C (2021) Have watershed disturbances over the past ~200 years affected diatom composition in Algonquin Provincial Parks? A paleolimnological assessment. Master’s dissertation, Queen’s University

  • Wilson SE, Cumming BF, Smol JP (1994) Diatom-salinity relationships in 111 lakes from the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada: the development of diatom-based models for paleosalinity reconstructions. J Paleolimnol 12:197–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson SE, Cumming BF, Smol JP (1996) Assessing the reliability of salinity inference models from diatom assemblage: an examination of a 219-lake data set from western North America. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:1580–1594

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mihaela Enache, Christine Greenaway, and Sushil Dixit who contributed data to this synthesis but kindly declined to co-author. This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (PGSD3-546925-2020) awarded to MPD and an NSERC Discovery Grant awarded to JPS.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

    Matthew P. Duda, Kathleen M. Rühland, Jennifer L. Barrow, Yuanyu Cheng, Elizabeth J. Favot, Clare Nelligan, Robin E. Valleau, Christopher Wilkins & John P. Smol

  2. Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, 144 Main St., Sackville, NB, E4L 1A7, Canada

    Branaavan Sivarajah

  3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks, Dorset, ON, Canada

    Andrew M. Paterson

  4. Hutchinson Environmental Sciences Ltd., 1-5 Chancery Ln., Bracebridge, ON, P1L 2E3, Canada

    Kristopher R. Hadley

  5. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Roland I. Hall

  6. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada

    Kathryn E. Hargan

  7. Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI), University of Minnesota Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN, 55811, USA

    Euan D. Reavie

  8. Diatoms as Bioindicators, Grainauer Str. 8, 10777, Berlin, Germany

    Petra Werner

Authors
  1. Matthew P. Duda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Branaavan Sivarajah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kathleen M. Rühland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrew M. Paterson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jennifer L. Barrow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yuanyu Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Elizabeth J. Favot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Kristopher R. Hadley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Roland I. Hall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Kathryn E. Hargan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Clare Nelligan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Euan D. Reavie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Robin E. Valleau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Petra Werner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Christopher Wilkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. John P. Smol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MPD and BS compiled the data, completed statistical analyses, and prepared figures. MPD, BS, KMR, AMP, and JPS wrote the original manuscript. KMR, JLB, YC, EJF, KRH, RIH, KEH, CN, EDR, REV, PW, and CW contributed significant data for the model. All authors contributed text and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John P. Smol.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 292 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Duda, M.P., Sivarajah, B., Rühland, K.M. et al. Environmental optima for common diatoms from Ontario lakes along gradients of lakewater pH, total phosphorus concentration, and depth. J Paleolimnol 70, 131–158 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-023-00288-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-023-00288-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation