Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Preparation and Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate/Span-85 Pervaporation Membranes Using Waste Bottles for the Removal of Nitrobenzene from Water

  • OriginalPaper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Applying waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to fabricate membranes is a promising approach toward the circular economy and sustainable development. In the present study, waste PET bottles were applied to fabricate pervaporation (PV) membranes for the first time. Sorbitan trioleate (Span-85) was used as a hydrophobic additive, and the obtained membranes were examined in the PV separation of nitrobenzene (NB) as a hazardous material from water. Increased water contact angle, higher d-spacing (confirmed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy), and decreased glass transition temperature (confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry) were observed for the membranes containing Span-85 and contributed to an increase in NB flux. The PET/1 wt% Span-85 membrane represented the highest separation factor (at 56,157.07) among the examined membranes, 332-fold as high as the neat PET membrane.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Khan SU, Hassan T, Wasim M, Khan MQ, Salam A, Hassan SZU, Abbasi AMR, Mustafa T (2022) Valorization of recycled PET for yarn manufacturing and knitwear fabrics used for apparel applications. Polym Bull. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04172-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Baselga-Lahoz M, Yus C, Arruebo M, Sebastián V, Irusta S, Jiménez S (2022) Submicronic filtering media based on electrospun recycled PET Nanofibers: development, characterization, and method to manufacture surgical masks. Nanomaterials 12(6):925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Kalimuthu P, Kim Y, Subbaiah MP, Kim D, Jeon BH, Jung J (2022) Comparative evaluation of Fe-, Zr-, and La-based metal-organic frameworks derived from recycled PET plastic bottles for arsenate removal. Chemosphere 294:133672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jang JY, Sadeghi K, Seo J (2022) Chain-extending modification for value-added recycled PET: a review. Polym Rev 62:860–889

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Colorado HA, Saldarriaga L, Rendón J, Correa-Ochoa MA (2022) Polymer composite material fabricated from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with polyurethane binder for potential noise control applications. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 24(2):466–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hassan MI, Kadir AA, Arzlan IS, Tomari MRM, Mardi NA, Hassan MF, Bakri A, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri M, Nabiałek M, Jeż B (2022) Recycling of PET bottles into different types of building materials: a review. Arch Metall Mater 67:189–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hamid N, Shamsudin M (2022) Recycled plastic bottles as sustainable materials. In: Hassan R, Abdul Hamid NH, Arshad AK, Alisibramulisi A, Sidek MNM, Bhkari NM, Shaffie E (eds) Green Infrastructure. Springer, Singapore, pp 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kangavar ME, Lokuge W, Manalo A, Karunasena W, Frigione M (2022) Investigation on the properties of concrete with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) granules as fine aggregate replacement. Case Stud Constr Mater 16:e00934

    Google Scholar 

  9. Qaidi S, Al-Kamaki YS, Al-Mahaidi R, Mohammed AS, Ahmed HU, Zaid O, Althoey F, Ahmad J, Isleem HF, Bennetts I (2022) Investigation of the effectiveness of CFRP strengthening of concrete made with recycled waste PET fine plastic aggregate. PLoS ONE 17(7):e0269664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Swetha Jayalakshmi J, Vijayalakshmi D (2022) A study on the comparison of fabric properties of recycled and virgin polyester denim. In: Muthu SS (ed) Sustainable approaches in textiles and fashion. Springer, Singapore, pp 61–86

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Sava V, Bujoreanu LG, Badarau G (2021) Study concerning the obtaining of the filament for 3D printers from grains of recycled polyethylene terephthalate. Ştiinta Şi Ingineria Materialelor 67:41–53

    Google Scholar 

  12. Stoski A, Latczuk IF, Muniz EC, Almeida CAP (2022) Synthesis of Reinforced polyurethane composites from a matrix composed of recycled PET oligomers incorporating undeveloped Brazilian pine-fruit seeds. J Polym Environ 30(7):2955–2963

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang M, Ye W, Liao Z (2022) Preparation characterization and properties of flame retardant unsaturated polyester resin based on r-PET. J Polym Environ 30(5):1984–1994

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chan K, Zinchenko A (2022) Conversion of waste bottle PET to magnetic microparticles adsorbent for dye-simulated wastewater treatment. J Environ Chem Eng 10:108055

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Farahani SD, Zolgharnein J (2022) Sulfate removal by barium-terephthalate MOF synthesized from recycled PET-waste using Doehlert design optimization. Inorg Chem Commun 140:109388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bool RJA, Luwalhati GC, Tan NEY, Aquino AP, Maalihan RD (2022) On the use of metal-organic framework-based adsorbent from recycled PET bottles for Eriochrome Black T removal. Mater Today: Proc 65:3312–3320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sharifian S, Asasian-Kolur N (2022) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste to carbon materials: theory, methods and applications. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 163:105496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Muthu Kumar N, Thilagavathi G, Karthikka M (2022) Development of recycled PET/comber noil nonwovens for thermal insulation application. J Nat Fibers 19(9):3233–3240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Arahman N, Fahrina A, Amalia S, Sunarya R, Mulyati S (2017) Effect of PVP on the characteristic of modified membranes made from waste PET bottles for humic acid removal. F1000Research 6:668

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Rajesh S, Murthy ZVP (2014) Ultrafiltration membranes from waste polyethylene terephthalate and additives: synthesis and characterization. Quim Nova 37:653–657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pulido BA, Habboub OS, Aristizabal SL, Szekely G, Nunes SP (2019) Recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) for high temperature solvent resistant membranes. ACS Appl Polym Mater 1(9):2379–2387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ali BTI, Widiastuti N, Kusumawati Y, Jaafar J (2022) Utilization of drinking water bottle waste as a sustainable and low-cost membrane material in water purification. Mater Today: Proc 65:3030–3036

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kusumocahyo SP, Ambani SK, Kusumadewi S, Sutanto H, Widiputri DI, Kartawiria IS (2020) Utilization of used polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for the development of ultrafiltration membrane. J Environ Chem Eng 8(6):104381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kusumocahyo SP, Ambani SK, Marceline S (2021) Improved permeate flux and rejection of ultrafiltration membranes prepared from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste. Sustain Environ Res 31(1):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lu D, Babaniamansour P, Williams A, Opfar K, Nurick P, Escobar IC (2022) Fabrication and evaporation time investigation of water treatment membranes using green solvents and recycled polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 139(35):e52823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Xiong Q, Chen H, Tian Q, Yue X, Qiu F, Zhang T, Wang A-B (2022) Waste PET derived Janus fibrous membrane for efficient oil/water emulsions separation. J Environ Chem Eng 10(5):108459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zander NE, Gillan M, Sweetser D (2016) Recycled PET nanofibers for water filtration applications. Materials 9(4):247

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Kiani S, Mousavi SM, Bidaki A (2021) Preparation of polyethylene terephthalate/xanthan nanofiltration membranes using recycled bottles for removal of diltiazem from aqueous solution. J Clean Prod 314:128082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Khashij M, Mokhtari M, Dalvand A, Haghiralsadat F, Fallahzadeh H, Salmani MH (2022) Recycled PET/metal oxides nanocomposite membrane for treatment of real industrial effluents: Membrane fabrication, stability, antifouling behavior, and process modeling and optimization. J Mol Liq 364:119966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Min X, Chu C, Luo Z, Ma J, Fu Y, Wei Z, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Xiao R (2022) Transformation of phenol and nitrobenzene by superoxide radicals: Kinetics and mechanisms. Chem Eng J 442:136134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hu W, Wu F, Liu W (2022) Facile synthesis of Z-scheme Bi2O3/Bi2WO6 composite for highly effective visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene. Chem Phys 552:111377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yu H, Huang C, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Chen B, Sun J, Li X, Zhang J, Xu S, Cheng L, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhao H (2022) Well-aligned TiO2 fibers and N-doped TiO2 fibers for efficient photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene in wastewater. J Mater Sci Mater 33(7):4145–4155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Quan X, Xu X, Yan B (2022) Facile fabrication of Tb3+-functionalized COF mixed-matrix membrane as a highly sensitive platform for the sequential detection of oxolinic acid and nitrobenzene. J Hazard Mater 427:127869

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Svalova TS, Saigushkina AA, Verbitskiy EV, Chistyakov KA, Varaksin MV, Rusinov GL, Charushin VN, Kozitsina AN (2022) Rapid and sensitive determination of nitrobenzene in solutions and commercial honey samples using a screen-printed electrode modified by 1,3-/1,4-diazines. Food Chem 372:131279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chen M, Huang X, Wang N, Wang T, Yang J, Wei Y, Dao X, Zhou L, Hao H (2022) Cu2O nanoparticles modified BiO2-x nanosheets for efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrate-N and nitrobenzene from wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 289:120728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu D, Liao Z, Hu Z, Shang E (2022) Electrochemical degradation of nitrobenzene wastewater: from laboratory experiments to pilot-scale industrial application. Catalysts 12(2):190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lin TH, Toai PTD, Tinh NT, Phat LN, Huong LM, Viet ND, Dat NM, Nam HM, Phong MT, Hieu NH (2022) Fabrication of ceramic tube-supported tetraethyl-orthosilicate cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane membranes for separation of furfural–water mixture by pervaporation technology. J Appl Polym Sci 139:52380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Jafari A, Mortaheb HR, Gallucci F (2022) Performance of octadecylamine-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets in polydimethylsiloxane mixed matrix membranes for removal of toluene from water by pervaporation. J Water Process Eng 45:102497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Rostovtseva V, Faykov I, Pulyalina A (2022) A review of recent developments of pervaporation membranes for ethylene glycol purification. Membranes 12(3):312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. An X, Xu G, Xie B, Hu Y (2019) Structural tailoring of hierarchical fibrous composite membranes to balance mass transfer and heat transfer for state-of-the-art desalination performance in membrane distillation. J Mater Chem A 7(5):2376–2384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kiani S, Mousavi SM, Saljoughi E, Shahtahmassebi N (2018) Preparation and characterization of modified polyphenylsulfone membranes with hydrophilic property for filtration of aqueous media. Polym Adv Technol 29(6):1632–1648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bakhshandeh Rostami S, Saljoughi E, Mousavi SM, Kiani S (2022) Preparation of polyphenylsulfone/graphene nanocomposite membrane for the pervaporation separation of cumene from water. Polym Adv Technol 33(1):340–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Miranmousavi HS, Saljoughi E, Mousavi SM, Kiani S (2021) Preparation and hydrophobicity modification of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membranes for pervaporation separation of volatile organic compound from water. Polym Compos 42(9):4684–4697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dirin AM, Saljoughi E, Mousavi SM, Kiani S (2020) Pervaporation separation of isopropylbenzene from water using four different polymeric membranes: membrane preparation, modification, characterization, and performance evaluation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 114:67–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Almwli HHA, Mousavi SM, Kiani S (2021) Preparation of poly (butylene succinate)/polyvinylpyrrolidone blend membrane for pervaporation dehydration of acetone. Chem Eng Res Des 165:361–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Zereshki S, Figoli A, Madaeni SS, Simone S, Jansen JC, Esmailinezhad M, Drioli E (2010) Poly(lactic acid)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blend membranes: effect of membrane composition on pervaporation separation of ethanol/cyclohexane mixture. J Memb Sci 362(1):105–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Aldas M, Pavon C, La Rosa-Ramírez D, Ferri JM, Bertomeu D, Samper MD, Lopez-Martinez J (2021) The impact of biodegradable plastics in the properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate. J Polym Environ 29(8):2686–2700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. dos Santos Ferreira JW, Marroquin JFR, Felix JF, Farias MM, Casagrande MDT (2022) The feasibility of recycled micro polyethylene terephthalate (PET) replacing natural sand in hot-mix asphalt. Constr Build Mater 330:127276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Pereao O, Laatikainen K, Bode-Aluko C, Fatoba O, Omoniyi E, Kochnev Y, Nechaev A, Apel P, Petrik L (2021) Synthesis and characterisation of diglycolic acid functionalised polyethylene terephthalate nanofibers for rare earth elements recovery. J Environ Chem Eng 9(5):105902

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Silvia RC, Angel MF, Alejandro AS, Rodrigo NC, Aurelio RH, Eduardo BGJ, Calderón DEP (2021) Modification of banana starch (Musa paradisiaca L.) with polyethylene terephthalate: virgin and bottle waste. Carbohydr Res 508:108401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fu X, Kong W, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Wang J, Lei J (2015) Novel solid–solid phase change materials with biodegradable trihydroxy surfactants for thermal energy storage. RSC Adv 5(84):68881–68889

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Nasiraee M, Mousavi SM, Saljoughi E, Kiani S, Razmgar K (2021) Production of calcium nitrate crystals via membrane distillation crystallization using polyvinylidene fluoride/sorbitan trioleate membranes. Adv Powder Technol 32(5):1463–1471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kato K, Walde P, Koine N, Imai Y, Akiyama K, Sugahara T (2006) Molecular composition of nonionic vesicles prepared from Span 80 or Span 85 by a two-step emulsification method. J Dispers Sci Technol 27(8):1217–1222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fu Z, Liu M, Xu J, Wang Q, Fan Z (2010) Stabilization of water-in-octane nano-emulsion Part I: stabilized by mixed surfactant systems. Fuel 89(10):2838–2843

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Agrawal S, Ingle N, Maity U, Jasra RV, Munshi P (2018) Effect of aqueous HCl with dissolved chlorine on certain corrosion-resistant polymers. ACS Omega 3(6):6692–6702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Zhang Y, Jia Y (2018) Synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 on polyester fiber for PM 2.5 removal. RSC Adv 8(55):31471–31477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Johnson JE (1959) X-ray diffraction studies of the crystallinity in polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2(5):205–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gautam S, Dinda AK, Mishra NC (2013) Fabrication and characterization of PCL/gelatin composite nanofibrous scaffold for tissue engineering applications by electrospinning method. Mater Sci Eng C 33(3):1228–1235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Saedi S, Madaeni S, Shamsabadi AA, Mottaghi F (2012) The effect of surfactants on the structure and performance of PES membrane for separation of carbon dioxide from methane. Sep Purif Technol 99:104–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hosseini SS, Teoh MM, Chung TS (2008) Hydrogen separation and purification in membranes of miscible polymer blends with interpenetration networks. Polymer 49(6):1594–1603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fann DM, Huang SK, Lee JY (1996) Kinetics and thermal crystallinity of recycled PET. I. Dynamic cooling crystallization studies on blends recycled with engineering PET. J Appl Polym Sci 61(8):1375–1385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Chowreddy RR, Nord-Varhaug K, Rapp F (2018) Recycled polyethylene terephthalate/carbon nanotube composites with improved processability and performance. J Mater Sci 53(9):7017–7029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Le Roux JD, Van Schalkwyk OG (1999) Incorporation of fluorinated surfactants into polysulfone films and asymmetric gas separation membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 71(1):163–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Yan M, Lu Y, Li N, Zeng F, Wang Q, Bai H, Xie Z (2020) Hyperbranch-crosslinked S-SEBS block copolymer membranes for desalination by pervaporation. Membranes 10(10):277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Mousavinezhad SA, Mousavi SM, Saljoughi E (2020) Removal of 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene from water by pervaporation using styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) membrane incorporated with carbon black nanoparticles. Polym Eng Sci 60(2):257–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kiani S, Mousavi SM, Shahtahmassebi N, Saljoughi E (2015) Hydrophilicity improvement in polyphenylsulfone nanofibrous filtration membranes through addition of polyethylene glycol. Appl Sur Sci 359:252–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yang C, Tian X, Li D, Cao Y, Zhao F, Shi C (2017) Influence of thermal processing conditions in 3D printing on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PEEK material. J Mater Process Technol 248:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Liu S, Liu G, Zhao X, Jin W (2013) Hydrophobic-ZIF-71 filled PEBA mixed matrix membranes for recovery of biobutanol via pervaporation. J Memb Sci 446:181–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ma W, Li T, Jiang C, Zhang P, Deng L, Xu R, Zhang Q, Zhong J, Matsuyama H (2019) Effect of chain structure on the solvent resistance in aprotic solvents and pervaporation performance of PMDA and BTDA based polyimide membranes. J Memb Sci 584:216–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rychlewska K, Kujawski W, Konieczny K (2017) Pervaporative performance of PEBA and PDMS based commercial membranes in thiophene removal from its binary mixtures with hydrocarbons. Fuel Process Technol 165:9–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Xu YM, Tang YP, Chung TS, Weber M, Maletzko C (2018) Polyarylether membranes for dehydration of ethanol and methanol via pervaporation. Sep Purif Technol 193:165–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Beasley J, Reddy RS, Tchounwou P, Kafoury R (2012) Comparison of pollution levels on the Mississippi Gulf Coast during the 2010 Gulf BP oil spill to ecological and health-based standards. Rev Environ Health 27(2–3):67–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Samdani AR, Mandal S, Pangarkar VG (2003) Role of and criterion for sorption selectivity in pervaporative removal of trace organics from aqueous solutions. Sep Sci Technol 38(5):1069–1092

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Shirin Kiani was partially supported by a grant from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (No. FUM-49216).

Funding

Shirin Kiani was partially supported by a grant from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Grant No. FUM-49216).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Shirin Kiani, Seyed Mahmoud Mousavi & Saba Afrang

Authors
  1. Shirin Kiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seyed Mahmoud Mousavi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Saba Afrang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Writing—Original Draft, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Visualization. SMM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing—Review & Editing, Resources, Supervision. SA: Investigation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seyed Mahmoud Mousavi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kiani, S., Mousavi, S.M. & Afrang, S. Preparation and Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate/Span-85 Pervaporation Membranes Using Waste Bottles for the Removal of Nitrobenzene from Water. J Polym Environ 31, 2968–2982 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02784-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02784-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation