Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of Plain and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Under Impact Loading: A New Approach via Ultrasound Evaluation

  • Published:
Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Impact loading leads to micro-crack formation that can compromise the performance of the concrete. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate plain concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete specimens using ultrasound methods under impact loading. These specimens were prepared and subjected to impact loading. Ultrasound tests were performed at different stages of impact loading on each specimen. The loading continued until cracks on the surface of the specimens were observed. Investigations were performed for both plain concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete to establish a correlation between ultrasound response characteristics, and the damage caused by impact loading due to the energy of blows transferred to the specimens. Analysis of signal records was based on the Fourier spectrum of signals and higher order harmonics. These investigations on the records improved the detection of damage on concrete, specifically micro-cracks. It was indicated that damage caused by impact loading deviates the predominant frequencies of diffused ultrasound waves from the excitation frequency. Finally, a new method was developed for detecting damage such as micro-cracks in concrete. The method was verified by using another impact mechanism for other specimens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Radomski, W.: Application of the rotating impact machine for testing fibre-reinforced concrete. Int. J. Cem. Compos. Lightweight Concr. 3(1), 3–12 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Thilakarathna, H.M.I., Thambiratnam, D.P., Dhanasekar, M., Perera, N.: Numerical simulation of axially loaded concrete columns under transverse impact and vulnerability assessment. Int. J. Impact Eng 37(11), 1100–1112 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sharma, H., Hurlebaus, S., Gardoni, P.: Performance-based response evaluation of reinforced concrete columns subject to vehicle impact. Int. J. Impact Eng 43, 52–62 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  4. ACI Committee 544: ACI 544.2R-89: Measurement of Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice 1996; Part 5: Masonry, Precast Concrete and Special Processes. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang, M.H., Shim, V.P.W., Lu, G., Chew, C.W.: Resistance of high-strength concrete to projectile impact. Int. J. Impact Eng 31(7), 825–841 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mohammadi, Y., Carkon-Azad, R., Singh, S.P., Kaushik, S.K.: Impact resistance of steel fibrous concrete containing fibres of mixed aspect ratio. Constr. Build. Mater. 23(1), 183–189 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Nili, M., Afroughsabet, V.: Combined effect of silica fume and steel fibers on the impact resistance and mechanical properties of concrete. Int. J. Impact Eng 37(8), 879–886 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Badr, A., Ashour, A.F., Platten, A.K.: Statistical variations in impact resistance of polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete. Int. J. Impact Eng 32(11), 1907–1920 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Toufigh, V., Toufigh, V., Saadatmanesh, H., Ahmari, S.: Strength evaluation and energy-dissipation behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer concrete. Adv. Civil Eng. Mater. 2(1), 622–636 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Habel, K., Gauvreau, P.: Response of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) to impact and static loading. Cem. Concr. Compos. 30(10), 938–946 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yu, R., Spiesz, P., Brouwers, H.J.H.: Static properties and impact resistance of a green ultra-high performance hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (UHPHFRC): experiments and modeling. Constr. Build. Mater. 68, 158–171 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Li, W., Xu, J.: Impact characterization of basalt fiber reinforced geopolymeric concrete using a 100-mm-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 513, 145–153 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sun, Z., Xu, Q.: Microscopic, physical and mechanical analysis of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527(1–2), 198–204 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  14. McCann, D.M., Forde, M.C.: Review of NDT methods in the assessment of concrete and masonry structures. NDT E Int. 34(2), 71–84 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ramesh, K., Arunachalam, K., Chakravarthy, S.R.: Experimental investigation on impact resistance of flyash concrete and flyash fiber reinforced concrete. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 3(2), 990–999 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kharkovsky, S., Zoughi, R.: Microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive testing and evaluation-overview and recent advances. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. 10(2), 26–38 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Shull, P.J.: Nondestructive evaluation: theory, techniques, and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Breysse, D.: Nondestructive evaluation of concrete strength: an historical review and a new perspective by combining NDT methods. Constr. Build. Mater. 33, 139–163 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Aggelis, D.G., Shiotani, T.: Experimental study of surface wave propagation in strongly heterogeneous media. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122(5), EL151–EL157 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Yim, H.J., Kwak, H.G., Kim, J.H.: Wave attenuation measurement technique for nondestructive evaluation of concrete. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 27(1), 81–94 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Aggelis, D.G., Shiotani, T., Polyzos, D.: Characterization of surface crack depth and repair evaluation using Rayleigh waves. Cem. Concr. Compos. 31(1), 77–83 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chen, J., Ren, J., Yin, T.: Nondestructive evaluation of notched cracks in mortars by nonlinear ultrasonic technique. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 31(2), 109–121 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Payan, C., Garnier, V., Moysan, J., Johnson, P.A.: Applying nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to improving thermal damage assessment in concrete. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121(4), EL125–EL130 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Naffa, S.O., Goueygou, M., Piwakowski, B., Buyle-Bodin, F.: Detection of chemical damage in concrete using ultrasound. Ultrasonics 40(1–8), 247–251 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bogas, J.A., Gomes, M.G., Gomes, A.: Compressive strength evaluation of structural lightweight concrete by non-destructive ultrasonic pulse velocity method. Ultrasonics 53(5), 962–972 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Del Rıo, L.M., Jimenez, A., Lopez, F., Rosa, F.J., Rufo, M.M., Paniagua, J.M.: Characterization and hardening of concrete with ultrasonic testing. Ultrasonics 42(1), 527–530 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gaydecki, P.A., Burdekin, F.M., Damaj, W., John, D.G.: The propagation and attenuation of medium-frequency ultrasonic waves in concrete: a signal analytical approach. Meas. Sci. Technol. 3(1), 126 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Komlos, K., Popovics, S., Nürnbergerová, T., Babal, B., Popovics, J.S.: Ultrasonic pulse velocity test of concrete properties as specified in various standards. Cem. Concr. Compos. 18(5), 357–364 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Popovics, S., Bilgutay, N.M., Caraoguz, M., Akgul, T.: High-frequency ultrasound technique for testing concrete. Mater. J. 97(1), 58–65 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Donskoy, D., Sutin, A., Ekimov, A.: Nonlinear acoustic interaction on contact interfaces and its use for nondestructive testing. NDT E Int. 34(4), 231–238 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kim, G., In, C.W., Kim, J.Y., Kurtis, K.E., Jacobs, L.J.: Air-coupled detection of nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves in concrete—Application to microcracking detection. NDT E Int. 67, 64–70 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sepehrinezhad, A., Toufigh, V.: The evaluation of distributed damage in concrete based on sinusoidal modeling of the ultrasonic response. Ultrasonics 89, 195–205 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Shah, A.A., Ribakov, Y.: Non-linear ultrasonic evaluation of damaged concrete based on higher order harmonic generation. Mater. Des. 30(10), 4095–4102 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kim, G., Kim, J.Y., Kurtis, K.E., Jacobs, L.J.: Drying shrinkage in concrete assessed by nonlinear ultrasound. Cem. Concr. Res. 92, 16–20 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Antonaci, P., Bruno, C.L.E., Gliozzi, A.S., Scalerandi, M.: Monitoring evolution of compressive damage in concrete with linear and nonlinear ultrasonic methods. Cem. Concr. Res. 40(7), 1106–1113 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kundu, T., Eiras, J.N., Li, W., Liu, P., Sohn, H., Payá, J.: Fundamentals of nonlinear acoustical techniques and sideband peak count. In: Nonlinear Ultrasonic and Vibro-Acoustical Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation, pp. 1–88. Springer, Cham (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Deroo, F., Kim, J.Y., Qu, J., Sabra, K., Jacobs, L.J.: Detection of damage in concrete using diffuse ultrasound. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127(6), 3315–3318 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Quiviger, A., Payan, C., Chaix, J.F., Garnier, V., Salin, J.: Effect of the presence and size of a real macro-crack on diffuse ultrasound in concrete. NDT E Int. 45(1), 128–132 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Seher, M., In, C.W., Kim, J.Y., Kurtis, K.E., Jacobs, L.J.: Numerical and experimental study of crack depth measurement in concrete using diffuse ultrasound. J. Nondestr. Eval. 32(1), 81–92 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Eiras, J.N., Kundu, T., Bonilla, M., Payá, J.: Nondestructive monitoring of ageing of alkali resistant glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC). J. Nondestruct. Eval. 32(3), 300–314 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Payan, C., Quiviger, A., Garnier, V., Chaix, J.F., Salin, J.: Applying diffuse ultrasound under dynamic loading to improve closed crack characterization in concrete. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134(2), EL211–EL216 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Donskoy, D.M., Ferroni, K., Sutin, A., Sheppard, K.: A nonlinear acoustic technique for crack and corrosion detection in reinforced concrete. In: Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VIII, pp. 555–560. Springer, Boston, MA (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Stauffer, J.D., Woodward, C.B., White, K.R.: Nonlinear ultrasonic testing with resonant and pulse velocity parameters for early damage in concrete. ACI Mater. J. 102(2), 118 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bunnori, N.M., Lark, R.J., Holford, K.M.: The use of acoustic emission for the early detection of cracking in concrete structures. Mag. Concr. Res. 63(9), 683–688 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Yoon, D.J., Weiss, W.J., Shah, S.P.: Assessing damage in corroded reinforced concrete using acoustic emission. J. Eng. Mech. 126(3), 273–283 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Aldahdooh, M.A.A., Bunnori, N.M.: Crack classification in reinforced concrete beams with varying thicknesses by mean of acoustic emission signal features. Constr. Build. Mater. 45, 282–288 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Mastali, M., Dalvand, A., Sattarifard, A.R.: The impact resistance and mechanical properties of reinforced self-compacting concrete with recycled glass fibre reinforced polymers. J. Clean. Prod. 124, 312–324 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Song, P.S., Wu, J.C., Hwang, S., Sheu, B.C.: Statistical analysis of impact strength and strength reliability of steel–polypropylene hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 19(1), 1–9 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Woodward, C., White, K.R., Jauregui, D.V., Stauffer, J.: Nonlinear ultrasonic evaluation of concrete microcracking. In AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 700, no. 1, pp. 1022–1026. AIP (2004)

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ehsan Kianfar and Mahdis Ashkar for their cooperation in this study.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, The Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Ehsan Soleimanian & Vahab Toufigh

Authors
  1. Ehsan Soleimanian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vahab Toufigh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vahab Toufigh.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 212 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Soleimanian, E., Toufigh, V. Assessment of Plain and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Under Impact Loading: A New Approach via Ultrasound Evaluation. J Nondestruct Eval 38, 103 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0641-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0641-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation