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Phyto-fabrication and Characterization of Coleus amboinicus Inspired Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Apoptotic and Anti-cancerous Activity Against Colon Cancer Cells (HCT 116)

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Abstract

On a global basis, colorectal cancer is one of the foremost causes of cancer-related death rate. The present research encompasses the fabrication of CuO nanoparticles employing leaf extract of Coleus amboinicus (CA–CuO NPs) and evaluating the anti-cancerous capability against HCT 116 cells (Colon cancer). The fabricated CA–CuO NPs were assessed by UV–Vis. spectrophotometer, FT-IR, SEM, EDAX and DLS. The cytotoxic action upon the HCT 116 cells was evaluated using MTT, trypan blue exclusion assay, phase contrast microscopy, DAPI, and MMP Staining. The oxidative stress markers such as nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed. The antioxidant markers including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were further analyzed. Using RT-PCR, the expression levels of genes including Bax, p53, and Bcl-2 were analyzed. The peak at 225 nm in the UV spectrum disclosed the formation of CA–CuO NPs. The possible existence of phytoconstituents responsible for reducing CuO ions was confirmed by FT-IR results. The SEM images showed the formation of irregular rice-shaped and elongated tetragonal-shaped CuO nanoparticles. The EDAX results confirm the existence of C, Cu, O and S peaks. The DLS findings revealed average particle size of CA–CuO NPs was 118.6 nm. The MTT assay demonstrated a dose-dependent, substantial suppression of HCT 116 cell growth, with an IC50 of 12.5 µg/mL indicating 49.71% inhibition. The proportion of viable cells in the trypan blue exclusion assay steadily dropped as treated cells suffered morphological deformity as observed by phase contrast microscopy. The DAPI and MMP staining revealed an increase in dead cells in a dose-wise manner. Oxidative stress indicators including NO, LPO, and ROS levels were considerably higher in the treated groups than in the control. The antioxidant markers such as CAT and SOD declined significantly in treated groups. The endpoints of the gene expression study revealed the overexpression of tumor suppression genes Bax and p53 and anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2 was unexpressed. The biogenically synthesized CA–CuO NPs exhibited exceptional anti-cancerous activity towards HCT 116 cell line.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, “Ministry of Education” in Saudi Arabia for funding this research (IFKSUOR3-033-2).

Funding

The authors received a financial support from the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, “Ministry of Education” in Saudi Arabia for funding this research (IFKSUOR3-033-2).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2925, 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed H. Mujamammi, Khalid M. Sumaily & Essa M. Sabi

  2. Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Sultan F. Alnomasy & Ziyad M. Althafar

  3. Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Nouf O. AlAfaleq

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  1. Ahmed H. Mujamammi
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Contributions

Project design and parameter analysis completed by AHM, KMS, SFA; Collected data analysed by ZMA, NOA, EMS. Manuscript writing was performed by contribution of all authors.

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Correspondence to Ahmed H. Mujamammi.

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Mujamammi, A.H., Sumaily, K.M., Alnomasy, S.F. et al. Phyto-fabrication and Characterization of Coleus amboinicus Inspired Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Apoptotic and Anti-cancerous Activity Against Colon Cancer Cells (HCT 116). J Inorg Organomet Polym (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-024-02997-6

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