Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of two novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrid particles by investigating the effects of different crosslinking agents on morphology, porosity, chemical structure, crystalline properties, and thermal behavior of the resultant products. The hydrophilic glycerol dimethacrylate and hydrophobic ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were used as co-monomer and crosslinking agents to obtain novel poly(POSS-co-GDMA) and poly(POSS-co-EGDMA) hybrid spherical microparticles by step-wise Pickering-like seeded polymerization. The crosslinking agent played a key role in specific surface area (SSA), average pore size, and pore volume, characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda analysis. When poly(POSS-co-GDMA) possess 88.0m2/g SSA, poly(POSS-co-EGDMA) has 3.5m2/g. Both particles exhibit a homogenous spherical shape in the polydisperse form and hybrid organosilica structure defined by scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The hybrid particles showed an amorphous silica composite character with thermal resistance up to 420 °C, determined by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The mesoporous hybrid POSS particles could have great potential for many advanced material applications.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.A. Madbouly, A. Lendlein, Shape-memory polymer composites, in Shape-memory polymers. (Springer, Berlin, 2009), pp.41–95
J.D. Lichtenhan, K. Pielichowski, I. Blanco, Polymers 11, 1727 (2019)
H. Shi, J. Yang, M. You, Z. Li, C. He, Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS)-based hybrid soft gels: molecular design, material advantages, and emerging applications. ACS Mater. Lett. 2, 296–316 (2020)
H.W. Milliman, D. Boris, D.A. Schiraldi, Experimental determination of Hansen solubility parameters for select POSS and polymer compounds as a guide to POSS–polymer interaction potentials. Macromolecules 45, 1931–1936 (2012)
S. Zhang, Q. Zou, L. Wu, Preparation and characterization of polyurethane hybrids from reactive polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 291, 895–901 (2006)
X. Wang et al., Fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. RSC Adv. 5, 4547–4553 (2015)
G. Kibar, D.ŞÖ. Dinç, In-situ growth of Ag on mussel-inspired polydopamine@ poly (M-POSS) hybrid nanoparticles and their catalytic activity. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 7, 103435 (2019)
P. Zhang et al., Polydopamine-modified sulfonated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane: an appealing nanofiller to address the trade-off between conductivity and stabilities for proton exchange membrane. J. Membr. Sci. 596, 117734 (2020)
M. Ahmed, H. Ghanbari, B.G. Cousins, G. Hamilton, A.M. Seifalian, Small calibre polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposite cardiovascular grafts: influence of porosity on the structure, haemocompatibility and mechanical properties. Acta Biomater. 7, 3857–3867 (2011)
H. Tunstall-Garcia, B.L. Charles, R.C. Evans, The role of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in optical applications. Adv. Photo. Res. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202000196
M.G. Mohamed et al., Ultrastable porous organic/inorganic polymers based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrids exhibiting high performance for thermal property and energy storage. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 328, 111505 (2021)
K. Mishra, G. Pandey, R.P. Singh, Enhancing the mechanical properties of an epoxy resin using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) as nano-reinforcement. Polym. Test. 62, 210–218 (2017)
M.T. Gokmen, F.E. Du Prez, Porous polymer particles—A comprehensive guide to synthesis, characterization, functionalization and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37, 365–405 (2012)
H.-B. He et al., Fabrication of enrofloxacin imprinted organic–inorganic hybrid mesoporous sorbent from nanomagnetic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes for the selective extraction of fluoroquinolones in milk samples. J. Chromatogr. A 1361, 23–33 (2014)
S. Gandhi et al., Synthesis of a novel hierarchical mesoporous organic–inorganic nanohybrid using polyhedral oligomericsilsesquioxane bricks. New J. Chem. 38, 2766–2769 (2014)
M. Seino et al., Low-k periodic mesoporous organosilica with air walls: POSS-PMO. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 18082–18085 (2011)
Y. Yin et al., “Open-mouth” mesoporous hollow micro/nano coatings based on POSS/PDMS: fabrication, mechanisms, and anti-icing performance. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 35, 1800323 (2018)
Z. Wei, X. Luo, L. Zhang, M. Luo, POSS-based hybrid porous materials with exceptional hydrogen uptake at low pressure. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 193, 35–39 (2014)
S. Bandehali, F. Parvizian, A. Moghadassi, S.M. Hosseini, High water permeable PEI nanofiltration membrane modified by L-cysteine functionalized POSS nanoparticles with promoted antifouling/separation performance. Sep. Purif. Technol. 237, 116361 (2020)
X. Yang et al., The preparation and chemical structure analysis of novel POSS-based porous materials. Materials 12, 1954 (2019)
L. Hao et al., Low dielectric and high performance of epoxy polymer via grafting POSS dangling chains. Eur. Polym. J. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111313
C. Zhang et al., Highly porous polyhedral silsesquioxane polymers. Synthesis and characterization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 8380–8391 (1998)
W. Chaikittisilp et al., Porous siloxane–organic hybrid with ultrahigh surface area through simultaneous polymerization–destruction of functionalized cubic siloxane cages. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 13832–13835 (2011)
H. Guo et al., Polyimide aerogels cross-linked through amine functionalized polyoligomeric silsesquioxane. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 546–552 (2011)
F. Alves, P. Scholder, I. Nischang, Conceptual design of large surface area porous polymeric hybrid media based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane precursors: preparation, tailoring of porous properties, and internal surface functionalization. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 2517–2526 (2013)
J. Ou, Z. Zhang, H. Lin, J. Dong, H. Zou, Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes as functional monomer to prepare hybrid monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 761, 209–216 (2013)
J. Bai et al., Synthesis and characterization of paclitaxel-imprinted microparticles for controlled release of an anticancer drug. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 92, 338–348 (2018)
J. Bai et al., Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres functionalized with POSS. Appl. Surf. Sci. 511, 145506 (2020)
Y.-Y. Deng et al., Monodispersed hybrid microparticles based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with good UV resistance and high thermal stability: from organic to inorganic. Polymer 178, 121609 (2019)
D. Han et al., Facile construction of porous magnetic nanoparticles from ferrocene-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-containing microparticles for dye adsorption. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 59, 9532–9540 (2020)
D. Han et al., Engineering the surface pattern of microparticles: from raspberry-like to golf ball-like. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 13, 31215–31225 (2021)
G. Kibar, U. Çalışkan, E.Y. Erdem, B. Çetin, One-pot synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane microparticles in a double-zone temperature controlled microfluidic reactor. J. Polym. Sci. Part A 57, 1396–1403 (2019)
G. Kibar, Spherical shape poly (M-POSS) micro/nano hybrid latex particles: one-step synthesis and characterization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 137, 49241 (2020)
K.-J. Kim, Nano/micro spherical poly (methyl methacrylate) particle formation by cooling from polymer solution. Powder Technol. 154, 156–163 (2005)
B. Elmas, M. Tuncel, G. Yalçın, S. Şenel, A. Tuncel, Synthesis of uniform, fluorescent poly (glycidyl methacrylate) based particles and their characterization by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 269, 125–134 (2005)
G. Kibar, A. Tuncel, Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse-porous, zwitterionic microbeads. Polym. Bull. 73, 1939–1950 (2016)
G. Kibar, A. Tuncel, Gold-nanoparticle decorated monosized magnetic polymer based catalyst: reduction of 4-nitrophenol. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym Mater. 28, 2249–2257 (2018)
A. Tuncel, M. Tuncel, B. Ergun, C. Alagöz, T. Bahar, Carboxyl carrying-large uniform latex particles. Colloids Surf. A 197, 79–94 (2002)
C. Cheng, J. Vanderhoff, M. El-Aasser, Monodisperse porous polymer particles: formation of the porous structure. J. Polym. Sci. Part A 30, 245–256 (1992)
H. Ma, M. Luo, S. Sanyal, K. Rege, L.L. Dai, The one-step pickering emulsion polymerization route for synthesizing organic-inorganic nanocomposite particles. Materials 3, 1186–1202 (2010)
H. Jiang, Y. Sheng, T. Ngai, Pickering emulsions: versatility of colloidal particles and recent applications. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 49, 1–15 (2020)
Y. Liu, Y. Huang, L. Liu, Influences of monosilanolisobutyl-poss on thermal stability of polymethylsilxoane. J. Mater. Sci. 42, 5544–5550 (2007)
O. Toepfer, D. Neumann, N.R. Choudhury, A. Whittaker, J. Matisons, Organic–inorganic poly (methyl methacrylate) hybrids with confined polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane macromonomers. Chem. Mater. 17, 1027–1035 (2005)
M. Sobiesiak, Analysis of structure and properties of DVB–GMA based porous polymers. Adsorption 25, 257–266 (2019)
F.R. Mansour, S. Waheed, B. Paull, F. Maya, Porogens and porogen selection in the preparation of porous polymer monoliths. J. Sep. Sci. 43, 56–69 (2020)
B.X. Fu et al., Nanoscale reinforcement of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in polyurethane elastomer. Polym. Int. 49, 437–440 (2000)
Y. Liu, Y. Huang, L. Liu, Thermal stability of POSS/methylsilicone nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 2864–2876 (2007)
G. Kibar, Epoxy Functional Porous POSS Microparticle Synthesis. Hacett. J. Biol. Chem. 50, 359–366 (2022)
H. Sirin, D. Turan, G. Ozkoc, S. Gurdag, POSS reinforced PET based composite fibers:“effect of POSS type and loading level.” Compos. B Eng. 53, 395–403 (2013)
J.G. Croissant, Y. Fatieiev, A. Almalik, N.M. Khashab, Mesoporous silica and organosilica nanoparticles: physical chemistry, biosafety, delivery strategies, and biomedical applications. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 7, 1700831 (2018)
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the Turkish Fulbright Commission for a Fulbright Postdoctoral Scholarship and The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2219 Postdoctoral Award #1059B191801017) for Dr. Gunes Kibar.
Funding
This work was supported by Turkish Fulbright Commission, Fulbright Postdoctoral Scholarship, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK 2219 Postdoctoral Award #1059B191801017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author Statement Gunes Kibar: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Resources, Project administration, Writing - Original Draft
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kibar, G. Effect of Crosslinking Agent on Mesoporous Spherical POSS Hybrid Particles: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Stability. J Inorg Organomet Polym 33, 831–840 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02540-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02540-z