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Epidemiology and Prevention of Tuberculosis and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States

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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) and chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection can be prevented with treatment and vaccination, respectively. We reviewed epidemiology and guidelines for TB and CHB to inform strategies for reducing United States (U.S.) burden of both infections. Non-U.S.-born, compared to U.S.-born, persons have a 15-, 6-, and 8-fold higher TB incidence and latent TB infection (LTBI) and CHB prevalence, respectively; all infections disproportionately impact non-U.S.-born Asians. TB and CHB each are associated with ~ 10% mortality that results in 7- and 14-years per life lost, respectively. LTBI and CHB have significant gaps in their care cascade as 40% of LTBI and 20% of CHB patients are diagnosed, and 20% of LTBI and CHB diagnosed patients receive treatment. Reducing TB and CHB burden will require healthcare provider-, system-, and policy-level interventions, and increased funding and collaboration between public health departments and healthcare systems.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Since this review article did not include primary data on patients and only focused on reviewing published data, approval by an institutional review board was not needed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Cannika Nuth for editorial assistance.

Funding

Amit S. Chitnis, Ramsey Cheung, Eiger. Robert J. Wong has no funding. Robert G. Gish—Minor stock shareholder for Athenex, Triact, RiboSciences, CoCrystal. Stock options—Arrowhead.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tuberculosis Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Alameda County Public Health Department, 1000 San Leandro Blvd, First Floor, San Leandro, CA, 94577, USA

    Amit S. Chitnis

  2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Ramsey Cheung & Robert J. Wong

  3. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Ramsey Cheung & Robert J. Wong

  4. Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA

    Robert G. Gish

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Contributions

All authors approved the final version of this manuscript, and contributions of all authors is noted below: Study concept and design: Chitnis, Wong. Acquisition of data: Not applicable. Analysis and interpretation of data: Tuberculosis data and guidelines: Chitnis, Wong. Chronic hepatitis B virus data and guidelines: Chitnis, Cheung, Gish, Wong. Strategies for Prevention: Chitnis, Cheung, Gish, Wong. Statistical analysis: Not applicable. Drafting of the manuscript: Chitnis, Wong. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors. Study supervision: Chitnis, Wong.

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Correspondence to Amit S. Chitnis.

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Conflict of interest

Amit S. Chitnis, Ramsey Cheung declares that they have no conflict of interest. Robert G. Gish—consulting, advisor—Abbot, AbbVie, Alexion, Arrowhead, Bayer AG, Biocollections, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Eiger, Enyo, eStudySite, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, HepaTX, HepQuant, Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Intellia, Intercept, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, MedImmune, Merck, Prometheus, Quest, Shionogi, Transgene, Trimaran. Scientific/clinical advisory boards—AbbVie, Merck, Arrowhead, Bayer, Dova Pharmaceuticals, Eiger, Enyo, Janssen, Medimmune, Janssen/J&J, Intercept, Shionogi, Spring Bank. Clinical trials—eStudySite. Chair clinical advisory board—Arrowhead. Data safety monitoring board—Ionis. Speaker’s bureau – AbbVie, Alexion, Bayer, BMS, Gilead Sciences Inc., Merck. Robert J. Wong—recipient of research grants to his academic institution from Gilead Sciences, and has served as a consultant on the advisory board and speaker’s bureau for Gilead Sciences.

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Chitnis, A.S., Cheung, R., Gish, R.G. et al. Epidemiology and Prevention of Tuberculosis and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. J Immigrant Minority Health 23, 1267–1279 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01231-6

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