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Clinical Features of Gambling Disorder Patients with and Without Food Addiction: Gender-Related Considerations

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Abstract

Although food addiction (FA) is a debated condition and it is not currently recognized as a formal diagnosis, it shares features with other addictions, such as gambling disorder (GD). However, the prevalence of FA in GD and the clinical correlates are incompletely understood, especially within women versus men. To investigate FA in patients presenting with GD. The sample included 867 patients diagnosed with GD (798 males and 69 females) attending a specialized behavioral addictions unit. FA was observed in 8.3% of GD patients (18.8% of women, 7.4% of men). More psychopathology and harm avoidance, greater body mass indices and less self-directedness and cooperativeness were associated with FA. In women, FA was associated with a longer GD duration. In men, FA was associated with earlier GD onset, greater GD and problematic alcohol use severities. Among patients with GD, FA was associated with more psychopathology and gambling patterns suggestive of more protracted or severe GD. Screening for and addressing FA condition in patients with GD may help optimize preventive and therapeutic approaches. Future studies should consider testing guidelines to improve healthy eating habits, increase physical exercise and better manage stress and other negative emotions in order to target FA in GD.

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Data Availability and Material (Data Transparency)

Individuals may inquire with Dr. Jiménez-Murcia regarding availability of the data as there exist ongoing studies using the data. In order to avoid overlapping research efforts, Dr. Jiménez-Murcia will consider request on a case-by-case bases.

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Funding

First, we thank CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. This work was additionally supported by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (grant RTI2018-101837-B-100) and the Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2017I067 and 2019I47), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (PI17/01167) and co-funded by FEDER funds/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), a way to build Europe. CIBERObn is an initiative of ISCIII. IB was partially supported by a Post-Residency Grant from the Research Committee of the University Hospital of Bellvitge (HUB; Barcelona, Spain) 2019–2020. LM is supported by a postdoctoral grant of the mexican institution Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). GMB was supported by a postdoctoral grant from FUNCIVA. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Dr. Potenza involvement was supported by the Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling and the National Center for Responsible Gaming.

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  1. Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n 08907. Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

    Mikel Etxandi, Isabel Baenas, Lucero Munguía, Gemma Mestre-Bach, Mónica Gómez-Peña, Laura Moragas, Ester Codina, Bernat Mora-Maltas, Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza, Fernando Fernández-Aranda & Susana Jiménez-Murcia

  2. Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

    Isabel Baenas, Roser Granero, Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez, Fernando Fernández-Aranda & Susana Jiménez-Murcia

  3. Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Lucero Munguía, Fernando Fernández-Aranda & Susana Jiménez-Murcia

  4. Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain

    Gemma Mestre-Bach

  5. Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Roser Granero

  6. Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez

  7. Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Marc N. Potenza

  8. Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA

    Marc N. Potenza

  9. Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Marc N. Potenza

  10. Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Marc N. Potenza

  11. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Ashley N. Gearhardt

Authors
  1. Mikel Etxandi
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  2. Isabel Baenas
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  3. Lucero Munguía
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  4. Gemma Mestre-Bach
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  5. Roser Granero
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  6. Mónica Gómez-Peña
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  7. Laura Moragas
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  8. Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
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  9. Ester Codina
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  10. Bernat Mora-Maltas
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  11. Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
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  12. Marc N. Potenza
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  13. Ashley N. Gearhardt
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  14. Fernando Fernández-Aranda
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  15. Susana Jiménez-Murcia
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Contributions

ME, IB, LM, GM-B and SJ-M contributed to the development of the study concept and design. RG performed the statistical analysis. ME, IB, MG-P, LM, AP-G, EC, BM-M and EV-M aided with data collection. ME, IB, LM, GM-B and SJ-M aided with interpretation of data and the writing of the manuscript. MNP, ANG, FF-A, and SJ-M revised the manuscript and provided substantial comments. FF-A and SJ-M obtained funding.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susana Jiménez-Murcia.

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Conflict of interest

Dr. Potenza has consulted for and advised Game Day Data, the Addiction Policy Forum, AXA, Idorsia, and Opiant Therapeutics; has received research support from the Veteran’s Administration, Mohegan Sun Casino, and the National Center for Responsible Gaming (no the International Center for Responsible Gambling); has participated in surveys, mailings, or telephone consultations related to addictions, impulse-control disorders or other health topics; has consulted for law offices and the federal public defender’s office in issues related to impulse-control and addictive disorders; has provided clinical care in the Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services Problem Gambling Services Program; has performed grant reviews for the National Institutes of Health and other agencies; has edited journals and journal sections; has given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events and other clinical/scientific venues; and has generated books or chapters for publishers of mental health texts. Other authors report no disclosures. Dr. Fernandez-Aranda received consultancy honoraria from Novo Nordisk and editorial honoraria as EIC from Wiley. The rest of the authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Ethical Approval

The present study was carried out in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Bellvitge University Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved the study, and signed informed consent was previously obtained from all participants (Ref: PR329/19).

Consent to Participate

All subjects were informed about the study and all provided a written informed consent.

Consent for Publication

Consent for publication of this article has been obtained from all authors.

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Etxandi, M., Baenas, I., Munguía, L. et al. Clinical Features of Gambling Disorder Patients with and Without Food Addiction: Gender-Related Considerations. J Gambl Stud 38, 843–862 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-10071-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-10071-w

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