Abstract
Given a set P of n points in \(\mathbb {R}^2\) and an input line \(\gamma \) in \(\mathbb {R}^2\), we present an algorithm that runs in optimal \(\varTheta (n\log n)\) time and \(\varTheta (n)\) space to solve a restricted version of the 1-Steiner tree problem. Our algorithm returns a minimum-weight tree interconnecting P using at most one Steiner point \(s \in \gamma \), where edges are weighted by the Euclidean distance between their endpoints. We then extend the result to j input lines. Following this, we show how the algorithm of Brazil et al. in Algorithmica 71(1):66–86 that solves the k-Steiner tree problem in \(\mathbb {R}^2\) in \(O(n^{2k})\) time can be adapted to our setting. For \(k>1\), restricting the (at most) k Steiner points to lie on an input line, the runtime becomes \(O(n^{k})\). Next we show how the results of Brazil et al. in Algorithmica 71(1):66–86 allow us to maintain the same time and space bounds while extending to some non-Euclidean norms and different tree cost functions. Lastly, we extend the result to j input curves.
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Notes
This means the length of their tree is at most 1.214 times the length of the optimal solution. Here they take advantage of the result of Chung and Graham (1985) showing that the MST is a 1.214-approximation (to three decimals) of the MStT.
Georgakopoulos and Papadimitriou (1987) refer to the overlaid OVD as Overlaid Oriented Dirichlet Cells.
In other words, each \(u \in I\) has the same constant-sized set of fixed candidate sub-topologies incident to u that could be the result of \({\text {MST}}(P \cup \{u\})\).
A similar result was shown in (Monma and Suri 1992, Lemma 4.1, pg. 277).
A simple cycle is a cycle where no vertex is repeated except the first vertex.
As summarized in the survey by Brazil and Zachariasen (2015), for the bottleneck k-Steiner tree problem, i.e., the k-Steiner tree problem where the goal is to minimize the length of the longest edge of the resultant tree for the given norm, Bae et al. (2010) presented a \(\varTheta (n\log n)\)-time and \(O(n^2)\)-time algorithm for \(k=1\) and \(k=2\) respectively in the Euclidean plane, while Bae et al. (2011) presented an \(O((k^{5k}2^{O(k)})(n^k + n\log n))\)-time algorithm for the \(L_p\) metric for a fixed rational p with \(1<p<\infty \), as well as an \(O(n\log n)\)-time algorithm for \(k=1\) in the \(L_1\) metric, and an \(O((7k+1)^{7k-1}k^4\cdot n\log ^2 n)\)-time algorithm for the \(L_1\) and \(L_{\infty }\) metrics.
In the pseudocode for this algorithm in Brazil et al. (2015) there is a typo saying this is \(O(n\log n)\) time, but the correct time bound, \(O(n^2)\), is stated in other parts of the paper.
Note that since Steiner points may lie on different input lines, we cannot simply run the basic algorithm j times as was done in Corollary 1.
We can even allow o to lie on C, but this means some points are infinitely far from o (Brazil and Zachariasen 2015, §4.3.1 pg. 258).
Once again, we assume that, using the x-monotone functions into which we have decomposed \(\gamma (x)\) in the equations outlined in the previous sections, the derivatives and roots required can be computed in constant time and space.
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The authors thank Jean-Lou De Carufel for helpful discussions.
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A preliminary version of this paper appeared in COCOON 2020 under the title “On the restricted 1-Steiner tree problem” Bose et al. 2020.
This research was funded in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
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Bose, P., D’Angelo, A. & Durocher, S. On the restricted k-Steiner tree problem. J Comb Optim 44, 2893–2918 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-021-00808-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-021-00808-z