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Investigating Kinetic, Thermodynamic, Isotherm, Antibacterial Activity and Paracetamol Removal from Aqueous Solution Using AgFe3O4 Nanocomposites Synthesized with Sumac Plant extract

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Abstract

The abundance of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic environments has recently generated serious concerns as emerging environmental contaminants. In the present study, an eco-friendly catalyst AgFe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) was synthesized for the removal of the medication paracetamol from an aqueous solution in the presence of NaBH4. To generate NCs in a simple, economical, and environmentally responsible manner, the Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) plant extract was utilized as a natural stabilizer, reducing, and capping agent. The synthesized AgFe3O4 NCs have been verified by various techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, and TEM. The crystal average size for NCs of about 8.9 nm was estimated from XRD results by the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall equations. The catalyst AgFe3O4 NCs (dose: 0.05 g and pHpzc 6.1) showed a high removal efficiency (96.76%) for aqueous solution paracetamol (0.001 g⋅mL–1) in acidic conditions between range (pH 3–11). The removal kinetics fitted a pseudo-second-order model well and demonstrated chemical adsorption plays a role in the rate-determining step of paracetamol removal. Based results of the intraparticle diffusion model, internal diffusion was not the main rate-determining step. The results of removal isotherm models showed that paracetamol removal is favorable on the monolayer of NCs of the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9984). The Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations provided further support that the paracetamol removal process was dominated by a physisorption process and exothermic nature (BT = 2.0738 and E = 5.9559 kJ⋅mol−1). The negative and positive values for the calculated thermodynamic parameters ∆H° (− 0.039 kJ⋅mol−1⋅K−1) and ∆G°, respectively, showed an exothermic and nonspontaneous removal process as the temperature rises in the range of 291–313 K. In addition, the antibacterial effect of AgFe3O4 NCs against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was tested, which revealed that NCs had antibacterial activity at different concentrations (0.001–0.02 g⋅mL–1).

Graphical Abstract

Schematic for the removal of paracetamol from the aqueous solutions at different temperatures and pHs in the present NaBH4, using green synthesized AgFe3O4 NCs of Sumac leaf extract

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the lab facilities and technical assistance offered by the Beam Gostar Taban laboratory in Tehran, Iran, to complete this study. Thanks also to Dr. Rihan S. Abduljabar (Department of Phytochemistry, SRC, Soran University) for FTIR and the Department of Biology at Soran University for antimicrobial investigations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Soran University, Kurdistan Regional Government, Soran, Iraq

    Roonak Golabiazar, Avin Rasool Alee, Shaween Fars Mala & Huner Sleman Abdulmanaf

  2. Department of Pharmacy, Rawandz Private Technical Institute, Kurdistan Regional Government, Soran, Iraq

    Zagros A. Omar

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Soran University, Kurdistan Regional Government, Soran, Iraq

    Karzan Mohammed Khalid

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  1. Roonak Golabiazar
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RG: designed, supervised, analysed the experiments data and wrote the original manuscript, ARA: analysed experimental data and revised the manuscript, SFM: analysed experimental data and revised the manuscript, ZAO: analysed experimental data and revised the manuscript, HAS: analysed experimental data and revised the manuscript, KMK: oversaw the experimental design, supervised data analysis and edited the manuscript. Finally, all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Roonak Golabiazar.

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Golabiazar, R., Alee, A.R., Mala, S.F. et al. Investigating Kinetic, Thermodynamic, Isotherm, Antibacterial Activity and Paracetamol Removal from Aqueous Solution Using AgFe3O4 Nanocomposites Synthesized with Sumac Plant extract. J Clust Sci 34, 2547–2564 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-023-02406-x

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