Abstract
Smokers report weight and appetite control as motivators to smoking continuance. These concerns are particularly salient for smokers who use cigarettes to suppress appetite and manage weight. Dieting may influence weight, shape, and appetite-related smoking motivation; however, this has not yet been examined. This study tested associations between five diet types and smoking motivation to control weight, shape, and appetite among adult daily cigarette smokers (N = 550). A multivariate analysis was used to test the incremental association between diet types and Smoking-Related Weight and Eating Episodes Test (SWEET) subscales, adjusting for age, body mass index, sex, and cigarette dependence. Smokers who diet (n = 83, 15.1%) reported higher scores on all SWEET subscales compared to smokers not on a diet. Low-calorie dieting was associated with greater smoking motivation to cope with body dissatisfaction, and low-sugar dieting was associated with greater motivation for smoking to prevent withdrawal-related appetite increases. Treatment implications for smoking cessation are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, C. E., Baillie, L. E., & Copeland, A. L. (2011). The smoking-related weight and eating episodes test (SWEET): Development and preliminary validation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research,13(11), 1123–1131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr162
Andrés, A., & Saldaña, C. (2014). Body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint influence binge eating behavior. Nutrition Research,34(11), 944–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.003
Babb, S., Malarcher, A., Schauer, G., Asman, K., & Jamal, A. (2017). Quitting smoking among adults—United States, 2000–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6552a1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2009). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Questionnaire. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). National Diabetes Statistics Report, Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States Background. Division of Diabetes Translation.. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9515
Clark, M. M., Hurt, R. D., Croghan, I. T., Patten, C. A., Novotny, P., Sloan, J. A., et al. (2006). The prevalence of weight concerns in a smoking abstinence clinical trial. Addictive Behaviors,31(7), 1144–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.08.011
Copeland, A. L., Martin, P. D., Geiselman, P. J., Rash, C. J., & Kendzor, D. E. (2006). Predictors of pretreatment attrition from smoking cessation among pre- and postmenopausal, weight-concerned women. Eating Behaviors,7(3), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.10.001
Dalley, S. E., & Buunk, A. P. (2011). The motivation to diet in young women: Fear is stronger than hope. European Journal of Social Psychology,41(5), 672–680. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.816
Elicia Nademin, M., Napolitano, M. A., Xanthopoulos, M. S., Fava, J. L., Richardson, E., & Marcus, B. (2010). Smoking cessation in college-aged women: A qualitative analysis of factors important to this population. Addiction Research & Theory,18(6), 649–666. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066351003660601
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M. I., Corella, D., Arós, F., et al. (2013). Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. New England Journal of Medicine,368(14), 1279–1290. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
Fagerström, K. (2012). Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the FTND to the Fagerström test for cigarette dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research,14(1), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr137
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy,41(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00088-8
Farris, S. G., DiBello, A. M., Bloom, E. L., & Abrantes, A. M. (2018a). A confirmatory factor analysis of the smoking and weight eating episodes test (SWEET). International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,25(4), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-018-9717-0
Farris, S. G., Dibello, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018b). Development and validation of a contextual behavioral distress intolerance task in cigarette smokers. Addictive Behaviors,87(July), 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.020
Filozof, C., Fernández Pinilla, M. C., & Fernández-Cruz, A. (2004). Smoking cessation and weight gain. Obesity Reviews,5(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00131.x
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction,86(9), 1119–1127.
IBM Corp. (2018). IBM SPSS Software.
King, T. K., Matacin, M., White, K. S., & Marcus, B. H. (2005). A prospective examination of body image and smoking cessation in women. Body Image,2(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.01.003
McLaughlin, E. A., Smith, J. E., Serier, K. N., Smith, J. M., Santistevan, D., & Simmons, J. D. (2018). What does self-reported “dieting” mean? Evidence from a daily diary study of behavior. Appetite,127, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.016
Perkins, K. A., Marcus, M. D., Levine, M. D., D’Amico, D., Miller, A., Broge, M., et al. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce weight concerns improves smoking cessation outcome in weight-concerned women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,69(4), 604–613. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.604
Potter, B. K., Pederson, L. L., Chan, S. S. H., Aubut, J. A. L., & Koval, J. J. (2004). Does a relationship exist between body weight, concerns about weight, and smoking among adolescents? An integration of the literature with an emphasis on gender. Nicotine & Tobacco Research,6(3), 397–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001696529
Reid, R. D., Pipe, A. L., Riley, D. L., & Sorensen, M. (2009). Sex differences in attitudes and experiences concerning smoking and cessation: Results from an international survey. Patient Education and Counseling,76(1), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.001
Tuovinen, E. L., Saarni, S. E., Kinnunen, T. H., Ollila, H., Ruokolainen, O., Patja, K., et al. (2018). Weight concerns as a predictor of smoking cessation according to nicotine dependence: A population-based study. NAD Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs,35(5), 344–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072518800217
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General. A Report of the Surgeon General.
White, M. A., McKee, S. A., & O’Malley, S. S. (2007). Smoke and mirrors: Magnified beliefs that cigarette smoking suppresses weight. Addictive Behaviors,32(10), 2200–2210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.02.011
Yammine, L., Kosten, T. R., Pimenova, M., & Schmitz, J. M. (2019). Cigarette smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a potential treatment for smokers with diabetes: An integrative review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,149, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.033
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
Research involving human participants
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the APA ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Awaiver of informed consent was approved by the institutional review board given the anonymous nature of this study. All participants read and acknowledged a cover letter that described the study, including the voluntary nature of participation prior to initiating the survey.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Coniglio, K.A., Rosen, R., Burr, E.K. et al. Adherence to low-calorie and low-sugar diets is uniquely associated with distinct facets of appearance/weight-related smoking motivations. J Behav Med 43, 487–492 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00149-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00149-y