Abstract
The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) assumes that volitional processes are important for effective behavioral change. However, intraindividual associations have not yet been tested in the context of smoking cessation. This study examined the inter- and intraindividual associations between volitional HAPA variables and daily smoking before and after a quit attempt. Overall, 100 smokers completed daily surveys on mobile phones from 10 days before until 21 days after a self-set quit date, including self-efficacy, action planning, action control, and numbers of cigarettes smoked. Negative associations between volitional variables and daily numbers of cigarettes smoked emerged at the inter- and intraindividual level. Except for interindividual action planning, associations were stronger after the quit date than before the quit date. Self-efficacy, planning and action control were identified as critical inter- and intraindividual processes in smoking cessation, particularly after a self-set quit attempt when actual behavior change is performed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This study was part of a larger longitudinal study. Based on these data, the research team has pursued other unique theoretical questions in publications with a different theoretical focus and different data subsets (Lüscher et al., in press; Lüscher et al., 2014; Ochsner et al., in press; Ochsner et al., 2014).
Due to the competing statement of repeated measures, models including a random effect of the intercept did not converge why no random intercept was specified in the analyses.
References
American Cancer Society. (2014). Cigarette smoking. Retrieved May 24, 2014, from http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/002967-pdf.pdf
Atkins, D. C., Baldwin, S. A., Zheng, C., Gallop, R. J., & Neighbors, C. (2013). A tutorial on count regression and zero-altered count models for longitudinal substance use data. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 166–177. doi:10.1037/a0029508
Atkins, D. C., & Gallop, R. J. (2007). Rethinking how family researchers model infrequent outcomes: A tutorial on count regression and zero-inflated models. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 726–735. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.726
Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development. Vol. 6. Six theories of child development (pp. 1–60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579–616. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030
Bolker, B. M., Brooks, M. E., Clark, C. J., Geange, S. W., Poulsen, J. R., Stevens, M. H. H., & White, J.-S. S. (2009). Generalized linear mixed models: A practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press.
Chiu, C. Y., Fitzgerald, S. D., Strand, D. M., Muller, V., Brooks, J., & Chan, F. (2012). Motivational and volitional variables associated with stages of change for exercise in multiple sclerosis: A multiple discriminant analysis. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 56, 23–33. doi:10.1177/0034355212439898
Conroy, D. E., Elavsky, S., Hyde, A. L., & Doerksen, S. E. (2011). The dynamic nature of physical activity intentions: A within-person perspective on intention-behavior coupling. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33, 807–827.
Ellis, A. (1995). Changing rational-emotive therapies (RET) to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 13, 85–89.
Free, C., Knight, R., Robertson, S., Whittaker, R., Edwards, P., Zhou, W. W., … Roberts, I. (2011). Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): A single-blind, randomised trial. The Lancet, 378, 49–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60701-0
Gmel, G., Kuendig, H., Notari, L., Gmel, C., & Flury, R. (2013). Suchtmonitoring Schweiz—Konsum von Alkohol, Tabak und illegalen Drogen in der Schweiz im Jahr 2012 [Addiction Monitoring in Switzerland—Consumption of alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs in Switzerland in 2012]. Lausanne, Schweiz: Sucht Schweiz.
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions—Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493–503. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.54.7.493
Green, A. S., Rafaeli, E., Bolger, N., Shrout, P. E., & Reis, H. T. (2006). Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries. Psychological Methods, 11, 87–105. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.1.87
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence—A revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127.
Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M. (2010). Ecological momentary interventions: Incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 1–39. doi:10.1348/135910709x466063
Kiene, S. M., Tennen, H., & Armeli, S. (2008). Today I’ll use a condom, but who knows about tomorrow: A daily process study of variability in predictors of condom use. Health Psychology, 27, 463–472. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.4.463
Kreausukon, P., Gellert, P., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2012). Planning and self-efficacy can increase fruit and vegetable consumption: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 443–451. doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9373-1
Kreft, I., & DeLeeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel modeling. London: SAGE.
Lippke, S., Ziegelmann, J. P., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Stage-specific adoption and maintenance of physical activity: Testing a three-stage model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 585–603. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.11.002
Lüscher, J., Ochsner, S., Berli, C., Knoll, N., Stadler, G., Hornung, R., & Scholz, U. (in press). Invisible social control as predictor of daily negative affect and smoking after a self-set quit date. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie.
Lüscher, J., Ochsner, S., Knoll, N., Stadler, G., Hornung, R., & Scholz, U. (2014). Examining gender differences in received, provided, and invisible social control: An application of the dual-effects model. Anxiety Stress Coping: An International Journal. doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.892585
Michie, S., Abraham, C., Whittington, C., & McAteer, J. (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta-regression. Health Psychology, 28, 690–701. doi:10.1037/a0016136.supp
Nezlek, J. B. (2001). Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval-contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 771–785. doi:10.1177/0146167201277001
Ochsner, S., Knoll, N., Stadler, G., Luszczynska, A., Hornung, R., & Scholz, U. (in press). Interacting effects of receiving social control and social support during smoking cessation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. doi:10.1007/s12160-014-9635-6
Ochsner, S., Luszczynska, A., Stadler, G., Knoll, N., Hornung, R., & Scholz, U. (2014). The interplay of received social support and self-regulatory factors in smoking cessation. Psychology & Health, 29, 16–31. doi:10.1080/08870446.2013.818674
Parschau, L., Richert, J., Koring, M., Ernsting, A., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2011). Changes in social-cognitive variables are associated with stage transitions in physical activity. Health Education Research, 27, 129–140. doi:10.1093/her/cyr085
Peters, E. N., & Hughes, J. R. (2009). The day-to-day process of stopping or reducing smoking: A prospective study of self-changers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11, 1083–1092. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp105
Scholz, U., Keller, R., & Perren, S. (2009a). Predicting behavioral intentions and physical exercise: A test of the health action process approach at the intrapersonal level. Health Psychology, 28, 702–708. doi:10.1037/a0016088
Scholz, U., Nagy, G., Göhner, W., Luszczynska, A., & Kliegel, M. (2009b). Changes in self-regulatory cognitions as predictors of changes in smoking and nutrition behaviour. Psychology & Health, 24, 545–561. doi:10.1080/08870440801902519
Scholz, U., Nagy, G., Schüz, B., & Ziegelmann, J. R. (2008). The role of motivational and volitional factors for self-regulated running training: Associations on the between- and within-person level. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 421–439. doi:10.1348/014466607x266606
Schwarzer, R. (2008). Modeling health behavior change: How to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 1–29. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00325.x
Schwarzer, R., Lippke, S., & Luszczynska, A. (2011). Mechanisms of health behavior change in persons with chronic illness or disability: The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Rehabilitation Psychology, 56, 161–170. doi:10.1037/A0024509
Schwarzer, R., & Luszczynska, A. (2008). How to overcome health-compromising behaviors. European Psychologist, 13, 141–151. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.13.2.141
Schwarzer, R., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J. P., Lippke, S., Luszczynska, A., & Scholz, U. (2007). Adoption and maintenance of four health behaviors: Theory-guided longitudinal studies on dental flossing, seat belt use, dietary behavior, and physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 156–166.
Shiffman, S., Balabanis, M. H., Paty, J. A., Engberg, J., Gwaltney, C. J., Liu, K. S., … Paton, S. M. (2000). Dynamic effects of self-efficacy on smoking lapse and relapse. Health Psychology, 19, 315–323. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.4.315
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Bridging the intention-behaviour gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise. Psychology & Health, 20, 143–160. doi:10.1080/08870440512331317670
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
West, R., Hajek, P., Stead, L., & Stapleton, J. (2005). Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: Proposal for a common standard. Addiction, 100, 299–303. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00995.x
Wiedemann, A. U., Lippke, S., Reuter, T., Schuz, B., Ziegelmann, J. P., & Schwarzer, R. (2008). Prediction of stage transitions in fruit and vegetable intake. Health Education Research, 24, 596–607. doi:10.1093/her/cyn061
World Health Organization [WHO]. (1998). Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2013). Quitting tobacco. Fact sheet about health benefits of quitting. Retrieved June 7, 2013, from http://www.who.int/tobacco/quitting/benefits/en/index.html
Acknowledgments
The first author is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P1_133632/1). This project was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (100014_124516).
Conflict of interest
The authors Corina Berli, Sibylle Ochsner, Gertraud Stadler, Nina Knoll, Rainer Hornung and Urte Scholz declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and animal rights and Informed Consent
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berli, C., Ochsner, S., Stadler, G. et al. Volitional processes and daily smoking: examining inter- and intraindividual associations around a quit attempt. J Behav Med 38, 306–317 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9598-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9598-x