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Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for high rate sodium ion storage

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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) exhibit an similar storage mechanism to lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Since lithium is costly and sodium is abundant on earth, SIBs have potential to replace LIBs in many applications, especially large-scale energy storage. Carbonaceous materials have special advantages for sodium ion storage, including low cost, high capacity and high conductiviy. However, the storage properties of carbonaceous materials are expected to be improved to meet the development of SIBs. Structure design and heteroatoms doping are two effective approaches to enhance the capacity and rate performance of carbonaceous materials for sodium storage. In this paper, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped mesoporous hollow carbon spheres (NSHCSs) are synthesized through a facile pyrolysis process, using ionic liquid [EMIm]HSO4 as the heteroatom source and phenolic resin as the carbon source. Owing to the hollow structure and element co-doping, the NSHCSs possess high surface area, abundant defects and enlarged interlayer spacing. The electrochemical measurements demonstrate the NSHCSs possess excellent sodium storage properties, with reversible capacities of 245.8, 229.6, 197.9, 169.7, 150.5, 123.0, and 86.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 A g−1, respectively. The NSHCSs also display superior capacity retention, with a capacity of 124.7 mAh g−1 after 900 cycles at a high rate of 5 A g−1.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52064035), and the Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province (22YF7GA157) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LGG22E020003).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China

    Xin Wang, Xi Lu, Mingjun Xiao, Shizhe Liu, Yanshuang Meng & Fuliang Zhu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou, 730050, China

    Yanshuang Meng & Fuliang Zhu

  3. Shenzhen Sany Technology, Shenzhen, 518110, China

    Guofeng Ren

  4. Sany Technology Equipment, Changsha, 410100, China

    Guofeng Ren

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  1. Xin Wang
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Contributions

FZ, GR, and YM guided all the experimental design and led the manuscript preparation and revision work. XW did most of the experiments, data analysis, and prepared the draft manuscript. MX, XL and SL conducted some experiments. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Wang, X., Lu, X., Xiao, M. et al. Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for high rate sodium ion storage. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 908 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10289-x

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