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Polyaniline/vanadium pentoxide/lead tetroxide ternary composite for LPG sensing

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Abstract

In the present work, Gas sensing performance of the amalgamated vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and lead tetroxide (Pb3O4) in proportionate order with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt% in polyaniline (PANI) ternary composites has been studied. For the study, the samples are synthesized by in situ polymerization technique. The synthesized composites were characterized and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies. Supporting to gas sensing, AC conductive studies are carried out at room temperature in the frequency ranging from 50 to 1 MHz. The PV3 ternary composite (PANI/ V2O5 + Pb3O4—30%) has depicted an enhanced conductivity compared to pristine PANI and other ternary composites. The complex plane impedance plots depict good agreement with the conductivity studies. The liquified petroleum gas (LPG) sensing studies are carried out at ambient temperature (29 °C) and at relative humidity of 45%. For the study, the film of all the samples is made using spin coating unit. Among PANI and all the ternary composites, PV3 ternary composite has shown a good variation in resistance. This composite has shown a better sensitivity of 97.05% at 25,000 PPMv level. Along with this, the PV3 ternary composite has depicted an appreciable response time of 29.15 s and a recovery time of 35.26 s. The sensing stability of the composite was also tested for 60 days. The detailed LPG sensing mechanism was discussed deliberately.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to unpublished work anywhere and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Chair, Department of Physics, Indian institute of science, Bengaluru for their support and encouragement to carry out this research work. The authors also wish to acknowledge CeNSE, IISc for providing facility for the structural and morphological characterization of the samples.

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

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Author notes

  1. S. S. Shanawad and A. Sunilkumar have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, JSS Banashankari Arts Commers and SK Gubbi Science College, Dharawad, Karnataka, 580004, India

    S. S. Shanawad

  2. Department of Physics, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Ballari, Karnataka, 583104, India

    A. Sunilkumar

  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Ballari, Karnataka, 583104, India

    B. S. Khened

  4. Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India

    B. Chethan & V. Prasad

  5. Department of Studies in Physics, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, Karnataka, 583104, India

    M. G. Kotresh

  6. Department of Chemistry, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Ballari, Karnataka, 583104, India

    T. M. Sharanakumar

  7. Department of Physics, Government First Grade College, Madhugiri, Karnataka, 572132, India

    V. S. Veena

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Contributions

SSS participated in the formal analysis, conceptualization, and writing & editing of the manuscript. AS participated in the formal analysis, conceptualization, and writing & editing of the manuscript. BSK participated in the formal analysis, validation, editing of the manuscript, and review. BC participated in the resource collection, supervision, methodology, investigation, and writing of the original draft. VP participated in the resource collection, supervision, funding acquisition, and review. MGK participated in the formal analysis, validation, and editing of the manuscript. TMS participated in the formal analysis, validation, and editing of the manuscript. VSV participated in the formal analysis, validation, editing of the manuscript, and EDAX analysis.

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Correspondence to B. Chethan.

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Shanawad, S.S., Sunilkumar, A., Khened, B.S. et al. Polyaniline/vanadium pentoxide/lead tetroxide ternary composite for LPG sensing. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 493 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-09962-y

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