Abstract
Hybrid CH3NH3PbI3 − xBrx have drawn a tremendous interest as light harvesters in mesoscopic and planar heterojunction solar cells due to their high coefficient absorption. Herein, we investigated the difference between the effect of different bromide precursor on the properties of prepared CH3NH3PbI3 − xBrx thin film. In this study, the CH3NH3PbI3 − xBrx perovskite films were made by two processes. The first process consist in adding PbBr2 in the PbI2 with different molar ratios (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) followed by depositing MAI in isopropanol. The second process resides in depositing CH3N3Br in isopropanol on the top of PbI2 − xBrx followed by dropping a solution of MAI in isopropanol. The study revealed that the prepared thin film using the first process with molar ratio 0.05 exhibited high crystallinity, suitable morphology, high absorption with non-radiative recombination. These attractive properties of the thin film prepared by the first process should heighten interest in its use as a solar absorber layer for increasing of solar cells efficiency.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig3_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10854-020-05123-7/MediaObjects/10854_2020_5123_Fig9_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Hodes, Perovskite-based solar cells. Science 342, 317–318 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1245473
M. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, H. Snaith, The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Photon. 8, 506–514 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.134
J. Wu, Z. Lan, J. Lin, M. Huang, Y. Huang, L. Fan, G. Luo, Electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Rev. 115(5), 2136–2173 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400675m
W. Chen, Y. Wu, Y. Yue, J. Liu, W. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Chen, E. Bi, I. Ashraful, M. Grätzel, L. Han, Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers. Science 350(6263), 944–948 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad1015
Z. Xiao et al., Efficient, high yield perovskite photovoltaic devices grown by interdiffusion of solution-processed precursor stacking layers. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 2619–2623 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01138D
C. Wehrenfennig, G.E. Eperon, M.B. Johnston, H.J. Snaith, L.M. Herz, High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide perovskites. Adv. Mater. 26(10), 1584–1589 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305172
J.H. Im, C.R. Lee, J.W. Lee, S.W. Park, N.G. Park, 6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell. Nanoscale 3(10), 4088–4093 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10867k
K. Liang, D.B. Mitzi, M.T. Prikas, Synthesis and characterization of organic−inorganic perovskite thin films prepared using a versatile two-step dipping technique. Chem. Mater. 10(1), 403–411 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm970568f
Q. Chen, H. Zhou, Z. Hong, S. Luo, H-S. Duan, H.-H. Wang, Y. Liu, G. Li, Y. Yang, Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via vapor-assisted solution process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(2), 622–625 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja411509g
M. Liu, M. Johnston, H. Snaith, Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature 501, 395–398 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12509
S.D. Stranks, G.E. Eperon, G. Grancini, C. Menelaou, M.J. Alcocer, T. Leijtens, L.M. Herz, A. Petrozza, H.J. Snaith, Electron-hole diffusion lengths exceeding 1 micrometer in an organometal trihalide perovskite absorber. Science 342(6156), 341–344 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243982
G. Xing, N. Mathews, S. Sun, S.S. Lim, Y.M. Lam, M. Grätzel, S. Mhaisalkar, T.C. Sum, Long-range balanced electron- and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3. Science 342(6156), 344–347 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243167
V. D’Innocenzo, G. Grancini, M. Alcocer et al., Excitons versus free charges in organo-lead tri-halide perovskites. Nat. Commun. 5, 3586 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4586
D. Bi, W. Tress, M.I. Dar, P. Gao, J. Luo, C. Renevier, K. Schenk, A. Abate, F. Giordano, J.P. Correa Baena, J.D. Decoppet, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grätzel M, A. Hagfeldt, Efficient luminescent solar cells based on tailored mixed-cation perovskites. Sci. Adv. 2(1), e1501170 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501170
Y. Zhou, M. Yang, W. Wu, A. Vasiliev, K. Zhu, N. Padture, Room-temperature crystallization of hybrid-perovskite thin films via solvent–solvent extraction for high-performance solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 3, 8178–8184 (2015)
C. Bi, Y. Yuan, Y. Fang, J. Huang, Low-temperature fabrication of efficient wide-bandgap organolead trihalide perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201401616
H. Yu et al., Room-temperature mixed-solvent-vapour annealing for high performance perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 4(1), 321–326 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA08565A
Q. Chen, H. Zhou, Y. Fang et al., The optoelectronic role of chlorine in CH3NH3PbI3(Cl)-based perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 6, 7269 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8269
Z. Li, M. Yang, J.-S. Park, S.-H. Wei, J.J. Berry, K. Zhu, Stabilizing perovskite structures by tuning tolerance factor: formation of formamidinium and cesium lead iodide solid-state alloys. Chem. Mater. 28(1), 284–292 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04107
Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, Z. Liang, Non-thermal annealing fabrication of efficient planar perovskite solar cells with inclusion of NH4Cl. Chem. Mater. 27(5), 1448–1451 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00041
J. Lee, D. Kim, H. Kim, S. Seo, S. Cho, N. Park, Formamidinium and cesium hybridization for photo- and moisture-stable perovskite solar cell. Adv. Energy Mater. 5(20) (2015)
M. Saliba, T. Matsui, J.Y. Seo, K. Domanski, J.P. Correa-Baena, M.K. Nazeeruddin, S.M. Zakeeruddin, W. Tress, A. Abate, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 9(6), 1989–1997 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03874j
N. Jeon, J. Noh, Y. Kim et al., Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Nat. Mater. 13, 897–903 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4014
H. Chen et al., Solvent engineering boosts the efficiency of paintable carbon-based perovskite solar cells to beyond 14%. Adv. Energy Mater. 6(8), 1502087 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502087
J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S.J. Moon et al., Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 499, 316–319 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12340
X. Li, D. Bi, C. Yi, J.D. Décoppet, J. Luo, S.M. Zakeeruddin, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, A vacuum flash-assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells. Science 353(6294), 58–62 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8060
Y. Tu, J. Wu, Z. Lan et al., Modulated CH3NH3PbI3−xBrx film for efficient perovskite solar cells exceeding 18%. Sci. Rep. 7, 44603 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44603
J. He, T. Chen, Additive regulated crystallization and film formation of CH3NH3PbI3−xBrx for highly efficient planar-heterojunction solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA05373K
A. Sadhanala, F. Deschler, T.H. Thomas, S.E. Dutton, K.C. Goedel, F.C. Hanusch, M.L. Lai, U. Steiner, T. Bein, P. Docampo, D. Cahen, R.H. Friend, Preparation of single-phase films of CH3NH3Pb(I1-xBrx)3 with sharp optical band edges. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(15), 2501–2505 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jz501332v
M. Zhang, M. Lyu, H. Yu, J.H. Yun, Q. Wang, L. Wang, Stable and low-cost mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI2 Br perovskite solar cells by using a thin poly(3-hexylthiophene) layer as a hole transporter. Chemistry 21(1), 434–439 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404427
J.H. Noh, S.H. Im, J.H. Heo, T.N. Mandal, S.I. Seok, Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic-organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells. Nano Lett. 13(4), 1764–1769 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl400349b
W. Zhu, C. Bao, F. Li, T. Yu, H. Gao, Y. Yi, J. Yang, G. Fu, X. Zhou, Z. Zou, A halide exchange engineering for CH3NH3PbI3− xBrx perovskite solar cells with high performance and stability. Nano Energy (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.11.024
G. Dong, D. Xia, Y. Yang, L. Sheng, R. Fan, L. Qiu, Regulated film quality with MABr addition in two-step sequential deposition for boosting the performance of perovskite solar cells. Energy Technol. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201700480
S. Paek, P. Schouwink, E.N. Athanasopoulou, K.T. Cho, G. Grancini, Y. Lee, Y. Zhang, F. Stellacci, M.K. Nazeeruddin, P. Gao, From nano- to micrometer scale: the role of antisolvent treatment on high performance perovskite solar cells. Chem. Mater. 29(8), 3490–3498 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05353
G.E. Eperon, S.N. Habisreutinger, T. Leijtens, B.J. Bruijnaers, J.J. van Franeker, D.W. deQuilettes, S. Pathak, R.J. Sutton, G. Grancini, D.S. Ginger, R.A. Janssen, A. Petrozza, H.J. Snaith, The importance of moisture in hybrid lead halide perovskite thin film fabrication. ACS Nano. 9(9), 9380-9393 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03626
Z. Wang, S. Yuan, D. Li, F. Jin, R. Zhang, Y. Zhan, M. Lu, S. Wang, Y. Zheng, J. Guo, Z. Fan, L. Chen, Influence of hydration water on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films prepared through one-step procedure. Opt. Express 24(22), A1431–A1443 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.0A1431
M. Lv, X. Dong, X. Fang, B. Lin, S. Zhang, J. Ding, N. Yuan, A promising alternative solvent of perovskite to induce rapid crystallization for high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. RSC Adv. 5(26), 20521–20529 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA16253F
A. Mei, X. Li, L. Liu, Z. Ku, T. Liu, Y. Rong, M. Xu, M. Hu, J. Chen, Y. Yang, M. Grätzel, H. Han, A hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability. Science 345(6194), 295–298 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254763
C.W. Chen, H.W. Kang, S.Y. Hsiao, P.F. Yang, K.M. Chiang, H.W. Lin, Efficient and uniform planar-type perovskite solar cells by simple sequential vacuum deposition. Adv. Mater. 26(38), 6647–6652 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402461
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dads, H.A., El Kissani, A., Hanaoui, S. et al. The effect of bromide precursor on the properties of organolead halide perovskite for solar cell fabricated under ambient condition. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 3797–3808 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-05123-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-05123-7