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Investigation on the photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic activities of {002} facets of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through template/surfactant-free hydrothermal method at different temperatures and time durations

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Abstract

Template/surfactant-free ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal process at 120 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C and 210 °C for 3-h duration and were annealed at 400 °C for 3 h. Since the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized at 150 °C for 3 h and annealed at 400 °C for 3 h showed improved photocatalytic activities, the ZnO nanoparticles were further synthesized at 150 °C for 6-h, 9-h, and 12-h durations and were annealed at 400 °C for 3 h. All the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized for their structural, optical, and morphological properties. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the ZnO nanoparticles belong to the hexagonal wurtzite system. Transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanoparticles at 150 °C for 3 h and annealed at 400 °C for 3 h acquired spherical and hexagonal morphologies with size ~ 50 nm. Variation in the hydrothermal temperatures and time durations with annealing at 400 °C for 3 h acquired nearly hexagonal, spheroidal, and hexagonal morphology of the ZnO nanoparticles. Optical band gap of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was slightly influenced by the different synthesis parameters. The photocurrent measurements revealed that the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized at 150 °C for 3 h and annealed at 400 °C for 3 h possess relatively enhanced of photocurrent of about 3.58 μA than that of the other synthesized samples. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized at 150 °C for 3 h and annealed at 400 °C for 3 h showed ~ 78% and 36% of photodegradation efficiency against Rhodamine B dye and 4-chlorophenol, respectively, in a time period of 60 min. The sonophotocatalytic activity process enhanced degradation efficiency to 99% in 60 min against Rhodamine B and 80% in 60 min against 4-chlorophenol.

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Acknowledgements

One of the authors (N. K) thanks SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai for the award of SRM Institute of Science and Technology Junior Research Fellowship to carry out the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India

    N. Kumaresan, M. Maria Angelin Sinthiya & K. Ramamurthi

  2. CSIR- Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI), Karaikudi, 630 006, India

    M. Praveen Kumar & S. Ravichandran

  3. Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, School of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India

    R. Ramesh Babu

  4. School of Physics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India

    K. Sethuraman

  5. Department of Materials Science, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiuvarur, 610 005, India

    K. Sethuraman

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Kumaresan, N., Maria Angelin Sinthiya, M., Praveen Kumar, M. et al. Investigation on the photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic activities of {002} facets of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through template/surfactant-free hydrothermal method at different temperatures and time durations. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 31, 13817–13837 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03942-2

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