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Investigation on nebulizer spray deposited Gd-doped PbS thin films for photo sensing applications

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Abstract

Nebulizer assisted spray technique has been implemented for the deposition of pure and gadolinium (Gd) doped PbS thin films at a substrate temperature of 210 °C onto glass substrate using lead nitrate and gadolinium (III) acetate as precursors. Doping percentage of Gd was varied from 0 to 5 wt% for the preparation of Gd doped films and to analyze the film property. A variety of techniques like X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy dispersive X- ray, UV–Visible spectrometer, and keithley source meter were used to study the influence of Gd doping in PbS thin films X-ray diffraction revealed no change in preferential orientation of the crystal planes without any secondary phases formed for all the Gd-doped films. And also it confirmed that the nature of the films were polycrystalline with simple cubic structure. It also further confirmed polycrystalline simple cubic structure with decrease of crystallite size from 21 nm to 16 nm for the increase of gadolinium doping concentration from 0 to 5 wt%. Noticeable change in the grain size was observed for the 5 wt% of gadolinium doping with uniformly distributed spherical shaped nanosize grains fully covering the entire surface. The compositional analysis confirmed the presence of Pb, S and Gd in the films. The optical parameters of Gd doped PbS thin films such as band gap energy, refractive index; extinction co-efficient, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant were determined using transmission, absorption and reflectance spectra in the range of 300–2400 nm. A maximum value of photo current was observed for 5 wt% gadolinium doped film.

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Acknowledgements

Authors express their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through research groups program under grant number R.G.P. 2/30/40. We also thank Aslam Khan King Abdullah, Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia for helping in FESEM analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar College, Usilampatti, India

    K. Paulraj

  2. PG & Research Department of Physics, N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar College, Nagamalai, Madurai, 625 019, India

    S. Ramaswamy

  3. St. Joseph College of Arts and Science, Veikalipatti, Thirunelveli, 627415, India

    A. M. S. Arulanantham

  4. PG & Research Department of Physics, Arul Anandar College, Karumathur, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 514, India

    S. Valanarasu

  5. Advanced Functional Materials and Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    Mohd Shkir, V. Ganesh & S. AlFaify

  6. Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea

    Hyun-Seok Kim

  7. Millimeter-Wave Innovation Technology Research Center (MINT), Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea

    A. Kathalingam

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  1. K. Paulraj
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Paulraj, K., Ramaswamy, S., Arulanantham, A.M.S. et al. Investigation on nebulizer spray deposited Gd-doped PbS thin films for photo sensing applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 30, 18858–18865 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02242-8

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