Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recent progress on the development of Sn–Bi based low-temperature Pb-free solders

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the implementation of legislations on inhibiting the usage of Sn–Pb solder in consumer electronic products, Sn–Ag–Cu series solder has been gotten the most application. However, there are some stimulations from electronic manufacturers to adopt low temperature soldering such as the economic driver from the reduction in manufacturing assembly cost and the reliability driver to avoid the dynamic warpage of area array components caused from Sn–Ag–Cu solder. Sn–Bi series solder is one of the promising candidates, which met the requirements for low melting point, low cost and environment friendly. However, the disadvantage of brittleness characteristic prevented its wide practical application. In order to promote the better application of Sn–Bi based solders, many efforts have been made to improve the wettability, mechanical properties and reliability of Sn–Bi based solders. This paper will summarize the related results about Sn–Bi solder alloys from wettability, interfacial reaction, mechanical properties of Sn–Bi solder and reliabilities of Sn–Bi solder joints. Moreover, in order to improve the properties of Sn–Bi solders, researchers have done lots of works on effect of addition of element dopants. The corresponding works of effect of alloying elements on the properties of Sn–Bi solder were also focused. According to the existing research results, it provides an important basis of understanding the current development of Sn–Bi solders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. K.N. Tu, K. Zeng, Tin–lead (SnPb) solder reaction in flip chip technology. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 34, 1–58 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  2. L. Zhang, K.N. Tu, Structure and properties of lead-free solders bearing micro and nano particles. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 82, 1–32 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  3. I.E. Anderson, Development of Sn–Ag–Cu and Sn–Ag–Cu–X alloys for Pb-free electronic solder applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 18, 55–76 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  4. H. Ma, J.C. Suhling, A review of mechanical properties of lead-free solders for electronic packaging. J. Mater. Sci. 44, 1141–1158 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. Amir, S. Walwadkar, S. Aravamudhan, L. May, in The Challenges of Non-wet Open BGA Solder Defect. SMTAI Proceedings, Orlando, FL, 2012, pp. 684–694

  6. B. Sandy, E. Briggs, R. Lasky, Advantages of bismuth-based alloys for low-temperature lead-free soldering and rework. Surf. Mt Technol. Mag. 26, 26–40 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Z. Zhao, C. Chen, C.Y. Park, Y. Wang, L. Liu, G. Zou, J. Cai, Q. Wang, Effects of package warpage on Head-in-Pillow defect. Mater. Trans. 56, 1037–1042 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  8. K. Suganuma, K. Niihara, T. Shoutoku, Y. Nakamura, Wetting and interface microstructure between Sn–Zn binary alloys and Cu. J. Mater. Res. 13, 2859–2865 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. Liu, S.B. Xue, P. Xue, D.X. Luo, Present status of Sn–Zn lead-free solders bearing alloying elements. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 4389–4411 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  10. H.R. Kotadia, P.D. Howes, S.H. Mannan, A review: on the development of low melting temperature Pb-free solders. Microelectron. Reliab. 54, 1253–1273 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Li, F.S. Wu, Y.C. Chan, Electromigration in eutectic In–48Sn ball grid array (BGA) solder interconnections with Au/Ni/Cu pads. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 8522–8533 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  12. F. Hua, Z. Mei, J. Glazer, in Eutectic Sn–Bi as an Alternative to Pb-Free Solders. 48th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Seattle, WA, 1998, pp. 277–283

  13. Z. Mei, J.W. Morris, Characterization of eutectic Sn–Bi solder joints. J. Electron. Mater. 21, 599–607 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  14. P.L. Liu, J.K. Shang, Interfacial embrittlement by bismuth segregation copper/tin–bismuth Pb-free solder interconnect. J. Mater. Res. 16, 1651–1659 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  15. H.F. Zou, Q.K. Zhang, Z.F. Zhang, Transition of Bi embrittlement of SnBi/Cu joint couples with reflow temperature. J. Mater. Res. 26, 449–454 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  16. X. Chen, F. Xue, J. Zhou, Y. Yao, Effect of In on microstructure, thermodynamic characteristic and mechanical properties of Sn–Bi based lead-free solder. J. Alloy Compd 633, 377–383 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  17. W.X. Dong, Y.W. Shi, Z.D. Xia, Y.P. Lei, F. Guo, Effects of trace amounts of rare earth additions on microstructure and properties of Sn–Bi-based solder alloy. J. Electron. Mater. 37, 982–991 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  18. A.K. Gain, L. Zhang, Interfacial microstructure, wettability and material properties of nickel (Ni) nanoparticle doped tin–bismuth–silver (Sn–Bi–Ag) solder on copper (Cu) substrate. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 3982–3994 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  19. L. Yang, L. Zhu, Y.C. Zhang, P. Liu, N. Zhang, S.Y. Zhou, L.C. Jiang, Microstructure and reliability of Mo nanoparticle reinforced Sn–58Bi-based lead-free solder joints. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34, 992–1002 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Liu, H. Zhang, F.L. Sun, Solderability of SnBi-nano Cu solder pastes and microstructure of the solder joints. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 2235–2241 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  21. L. Yang, J. Dai, Y.C. Zhang, Y.F. Jing, J.G. Ge, H.X. Liu, Influence of BaTiO3 nanoparticle addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn–58Bi solder. J. Electron. Mater. 44, 2473–2478 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  22. X.Y. Liu, M.L. Huang, C.M.L. Wu, L. Wang, Effect of Y2O3 particles on microstructure formation and shear properties of Sn–58Bi solder. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 21, 1046–1054 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  23. L. Yang, C.C. Du, J. Dai, N. Zhang, Y.F. Jing, Effect of nanosized graphite on properties of Sn–Bi solder. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 24, 4180–4185 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  24. S.T. Oh, J.H. Lee, Microstructural, wetting, and mechanical characteristics of Sn–57.6Bi–0.4Ag alloys doped with metal-organic compounds. Electron. Mater. Lett. 10, 473–478 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  25. C.-B. Lee, S.-B. Jung, Y.-E. Shin, C.-C. Shur, The effect of Bi concentration on wettability of Cu substrate by Sn–Bi solders. Mater. Trans. 42, 751–755 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  26. X. Chen, F. Xue, J. Zhou, S. Liu, G. Qian, Microstructure, thermal and wetting properties of Sn–Bi–Zn lead-free solder. J. Electron. Mater. 42, 2708–2715 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  27. C. Zhang, S. Liu, G. Qian, J. Zhou, F. Xue, Effect of Sb content on properties of Sn–Bi solders. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 24, 184–191 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  28. P. Sebo, P. Svec, D. Janickovic, E. Illekova, M. Zemankova, Y. Plevachuk, V. Sidorov, P. Svec, The influence of silver content on structure and properties of Sn–Bi–Ag solder and Cu/solder/Cu joints. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 571, 184–192 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Z.M. Lai, D. Ye, Microstructure and properties of Sn–10Bi–xCu solder alloy/joint. J. Electron. Mater. 45, 3702–3711 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  30. A.K. Gain, L.C. Zhang, Growth mechanism of intermetallic compound and mechanical properties of nickel (Ni) nanoparticle doped low melting temperature tin–bismuth (Sn–Bi) solder. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 781–794 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  31. S.A. Belyakov, C.M. Gourlay, Recommended values for the β-Sn solidus line in Sn–Bi alloys. Thermochim. Acta 654, 65–69 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  32. F. Wang, Y. Huang, Z. Zhang, C. Yan, Interfacial reaction and mechanical properties of Sn–Bi solder joints. Materials 10(8), 920 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Z.M. Lai, D. Ye, Microstructure and fracture behavior of non eutectic Sn–Bi solder alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 3182–3192 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  34. O. Mokhtari, H. Nishikawa, Correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn–Bi–X solders. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 651, 831–839 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Q. Li, N. Ma, Y. Lei, J. Lin, H. Fu, J. Gu, Characterization of low-melting-point Sn–Bi–In lead-free solders. J. Electron. Mater. 45, 5800–5810 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  36. T.-H. Chuang, H.-F. Wu, Effects of Ce addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn–58Bi solder joints. J. Electron. Mater. 40, 71–77 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Shen, C. Wu, S. Li, Effects of rare earth additions on the microstructural evolution and microhardness of Sn30Bi0.5Cu and Sn35Bi1Ag solder alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 23, 156–163 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. Shen, Y.Y. Pu, H.G. Yin, D.J. Luo, J. Chen, Effects of minor Cu and Zn additions on the thermal, microstructure and tensile properties of Sn–Bi-based solder alloys. J. Alloy Compd 614, 63–70 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  39. X.J. Wang, Y.L. Wang, F. Wang, N. Liu, J.X. Wang, Effects of Zn, Zn–Al and Zn–P additions on the tensile properties of Sn–Bi solder. Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett. 27, 1159–1164 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Y. Li, K.M. Luo, A.B.Y. Lim, Z. Chen, F.S. Wu, Y.C. Chan, Improving the mechanical performance of Sn57.6Bi0.4Ag solder joints on Au/Ni/Cu pads during aging and electromigration through the addition of tungsten (W) nanoparticle reinforcement. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 669, 291–303 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  41. D.L. Ma, P. Wu, Improved microstructure and mechanical properties for Sn58Bi0.7Zn solder joint by addition of graphene nanosheets. J. Alloy Compd 671, 127–136 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Y. Ma, X. Li, W. Zhou, L. Yang, P. Wu, Reinforcement of graphene nanosheets on the microstructure and properties of Sn58Bi lead-free solder. Mater. Des. 113, 264–272 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  43. P. He, X.C. Lu, T.S. Lin, H.X. Li, J. An, X. Ma, J.C. Feng, Y. Zhang, Q. Li, Y.Y. Qian, Improvement of mechanical properties of Sn–58Bi alloy with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 22, S692–S696 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  44. S. Zhou, O. Mokhtari, M.G. Rafique, V.C. Shunmugasamy, B. Mansoor, H. Nishikawa, Improvement in the mechanical properties of eutectic Sn58Bi alloy by 0.5 and 1 wt% Zn addition before and after thermal aging. J. Alloy Compd 765, 1243–1252 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Y.C. Huang, W. Gierlotka, S.W. Chen, Sn–Bi–Fe thermodynamic modeling and Sn–Bi/Fe interfacial reactions. Intermetallics 18, 984–991 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  46. M. Hirman, K. Rendl, F. Steiner, V. Wirth, in Influence of Reflow Soldering Profiles on Creation of IMC at the Interface of SnBi/Cu. 37th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology, 2014, pp. 147–151

  47. T.Y. Kang, Y.Y. Xiu, L. Hui, J.J. Wang, W.P. Tong, C.Z. Liu, Effect of bismuth on intermetallic compound growth in lead free solder/Cu microelectronic interconnect. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 27, 741–745 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  48. F. Wang, H. Chen, Y. Huang, C. Yan, Interfacial behavior and joint strength of Sn–Bi solder with solid solution compositions. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29, 11409–11420 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  49. T. Laurila, V. Vuorinen, J.K. Kivilahti, Interfacial reactions between lead-free solders and common base materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 49, 1–60 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  50. X. Hu, Y. Li, Z. Min, Interfacial reaction and growth behavior of IMCs layer between Sn–58Bi solders and a Cu substrate. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 24, 2027–2034 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  51. T.Y. Kang, Y.Y. Xiu, C.Z. Liu, L. Hui, J.J. Wang, W.P. Tong, Bismuth segregation enhances intermetallic compound growth in SnBi/Cu microelectronic interconnect. J. Alloy Compd 509, 1785–1789 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  52. H.F. Zou, Q.K. Zhang, Z.F. Zhang, Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of SnBi/Cu joints by alloying Cu substrate. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 532, 167–177 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  53. C.Z. Liu, W. Zhang, Bismuth redistribution induced by intermetallic compound growth in SnBi/Cu microelectronic interconnect. J. Mater. Sci. 2009, 149–153 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  54. P.J. Shang, Z.Q. Liu, D.X. Li, J.K. Shang, Bi-induced voids at the Cu3Sn/Cu interface in eutectic SnBi/Cu solder joints. Scr. Mater. 58, 409–412 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  55. S.-K. Lin, T.L. Nguyen, S.-C. Wu, Y.-H. Wang, Effective suppression of interfacial intermetallic compound growth between Sn–58 wt.% Bi solders and Cu substrates by minor Ga addition. J. Alloy Compd 586, 319–327 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  56. C.H. Chen, B.H. Lee, H.C. Chen, C.M. Wang, A.T. Wu, Interfacial reactions of low-melting Sn–Bi–Ga solder alloy on Cu substrate. J. Electron. Mater. 45, 197–202 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Y.-C. Huang, S.-W. Chen, Effects of Co alloying and size on solidification and interfacial reactions in Sn–57 wt.% Bi–(Co)/Cu couples. J. Electron. Mater. 40, 62–70 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  58. O. Mokhtari, H. Nishikawa, Effects of In and Ni addition on microstructure of Sn–58Bi solder joint. J. Electron. Mater. 43, 4158–4170 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  59. R. Xu, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, Z. Li, F. Sun, G. Zhang, Evolution of the microstructure of Sn58Bi solder paste with Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu addition during isothermal aging. J. Electron. Mater. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-06865-1

    Google Scholar 

  60. W.R. Myung, M.K. Ko, Y. Kim, S.B. Jung, Effects of Ag content on the reliability of LED package component with Sn–Bi–Ag solder. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 8707–8713 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Z.-M. Guan, G.-X. Liu, T. Liu, Kinetics of interface reaction in 40Sn–Bi/Cu and 40Sn–Bi–2Ag/Cu systems during aging in solid state. IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 23, 737–742 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  62. J. Shen, C.F. Peng, M.L. Zhao, C.P. Wu, Microstructural evolutions of the Ag nano-particle reinforced SnBiCu–xAg/Cu solder joints during liquid aging. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 23, 1409–1414 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  63. O. Mokhtari, S. Zhou, Y.C. Chan, H. Nishikawa, Effect of Zn addition on interfacial reactions between Sn–Bi solder and Cu substrate. Mater. Trans. 57, 1272–1276 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Y.-H. Ko, J.-D. Lee, T. Yoon, C.-W. Lee, T.-S. Kim, Controlling interfacial reactions and intermetallic compound growth at the interface of a lead-free solder joint with layer-by-layer transferred graphene. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 5679–5686 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  65. L. Gao, J. Wang, T. Lin, P. He, F. Lu, in Improvement of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sn–58Bi Alloy with La 2 O 3. 14th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology, 2013, pp. 193–195

  66. K. Suganuma, T. Sakai, K.-S. Kim, Y. Takagi, J. Sugimoto, M. Ueshima, Thermal and mechanical stability of soldering QFP with Sn–Bi–Ag lead-free alloy. IEEE Trans. Electron. Packag. Manuf. 25(4), 257–261 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  67. J. Wang, H.S. Liu, L.B. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Interfacial reaction between Sn–Bi alloy and Ni substrate. J. Electron. Mater. 35, 1842–1847 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  68. S.-M. Lee, J.-W. Yoon, S.-B. Jung, Interfacial reaction and mechanical properties between low melting temperature Sn–58Bi solder and various surface finishes during reflow reactions. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 1649–1660 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  69. K.P.L. Pun, M.N. Islam, J. Rotanson, C.-W. Cheung, A.H.S. Chan, Enhancement of Sn–Bi–Ag solder Joints with ENEPIG surface finish for low-temperature interconnection. J. Electron. Mater. 47, 5191–5202 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  70. G.P. Vassilev, K.I. Lilova, J.C. Gachon, Phase diagram investigations of the Ni–Sn–Bi system. J. Alloy Compd 469, 264–269 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Z. Zhang, X. Hu, X. Jiang, Y. Li, Influences of mono-Ni(P) and dual-Cu/Ni(P) plating on the interfacial microstructure evolution of solder joints. Metall. Mater. Trans. A (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4983-7

    Google Scholar 

  72. C.N. Chiu, C.H. Wang, S.W. Chen, Interfacial reactions in the Sn–Bi/Te couples. J. Electron. Mater. 37, 40–44 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Y.W. Yen, W.K. Liou, C.M. Chen, C.K. Lin, M.K. Huang, Interfacial reactions in the Sn–xBi/Au couples. Mater. Chem. Phys. 128, 233–237 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  74. F. Gao, C. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Takaku, I. Ohnuma, K. Ishida, Thermodynamic assessment of phase equilibria in the Sn–Au–Bi system with key experimental verification. J. Mater. Res. 25(3), 576–586 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  75. F. Wang, L. Zhou, X. Wang, P. He, Microstructural evolution and joint strength of Sn–58Bi/Cu joints through minor Zn alloying substrate during isothermal aging. J. Alloy Compd 688, 639–648 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Q.K. Zhang, H.F. Zou, Z.F. Zhang, Improving tensile and fatigue properties of Sn–58Bi/Cu solder joints through alloying substrate. J. Mater. Res. 25, 303–314 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Q.K. Zhang, H.F. Zou, Z.F. Zhang, Influences of substrate alloying and reflow temperature on Bi segregation behaviors at Sn–Bi/Cu interface. J. Electron. Mater. 40(11), 2320–2328 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  78. X. Chen, J. Zhou, F. Xue, Y. Yao, Mechanical deformation behavior and mechanism of Sn–58Bi solder alloys under different temperatures and strain rates. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 662, 251–257 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  79. I. Abdullah, M.N. Zulkifli, A. Jalar, R. Ismail, Deformation behaviour of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC305) solder wire under varied tensile strain rates. Solder. Surf. Mt Technol. 29, 110–117 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  80. D.L. Ma, P. Wu, Effects of Zn addition on mechanical properties of eutectic Sn–58Bi solder during liquid-state aging. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 25(4), 1225–1233 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  81. M.M. Billah, Q. Chen, Strength of MWCNT-reinforced 70Sn–30Bi solder alloys. J. Electron. Mater. 45, 98–103 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  82. W.B. Zhu, Y. Ma, X.Z. Li, W. Zhou, P. Wu, Effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the microstructure and properties of Sn58Bi solder alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29, 7575–7585 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  83. X.Z. Li, Y. Ma, W. Zhou, P. Wu, Effects of nanoscale Cu6Sn5 particles addition on microstructure and properties of SnBi solder alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 684, 328–334 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Q.K. Zhang, Z.F. Zhang, In situ observations on shear and creep–fatigue fracture behaviors of SnBi/Cu solder joints. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 2686–2693 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  85. F. Wang, D. Li, Z. Zhang, M. Wu, C. Yan, Improvement on interfacial structure and properties of Sn–58Bi/Cu joint using Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu solder as barrier. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 19051–19060 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  86. H.Y. Sun, Q.Q. Li, Y.C. Chan, A study of Ag additive methods by comparing mechanical properties between Sn57.6Bi0.4Ag and 0.4 wt% nano-Ag-doped Sn58Bi BGA solder joints. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 25, 4380–4390 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  87. J. Shen, Y.Y. Pu, H.G. Yin, Q. Tang, Effects of Cu, Zn on the wettability and shear mechanical properties of Sn–Bi-based lead-free solders. J. Electron. Mater. 44, 532–541 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  88. W.-R. Myung, Y. Kim, S.-B. Jung, Mechanical property of the epoxy-contained Sn–58Bi solder with OSP surface finish. J. Alloy Compd 615, S411–S417 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  89. R. Mahmudi, A.R. Geranmayeh, S.R. Mahmoodi, A. Khalatbari, Room-temperature indentation creep of lead-free Sn–Bi solder alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 18, 1071–1078 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  90. L. Shen, P. Septiwerdani, Z. Chen, Elastic modulus, hardness and creep performance of SnBi alloys using nanoindentation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 558, 253–258 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  91. L. Shen, P. Lu, S. Wang, Z. Chen, Creep behaviour of eutectic SnBi alloy and its constituent phases using nanoindentation technique. J. Alloys Compd 574, 98–103 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  92. L. Shen, Y. Wu, S. Wang, Z. Chen, Creep behavior of Sn–Bi solder alloys at elevated temperatures studied by nanoindentation. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 4114–4124 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  93. L. Shen, Z.Y. Tan, Z. Chen, Nanoindentation study on the creep resistance of SnBi solder alloy with reactive nano-metallic fillers. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 561, 232–238 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  94. R. Mahmudi, A.R. Geranmayeh, M. Salehi, H. Pirayesh, Impression creep of the rare-earth doped Sn–2% Bi lead-free solder alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 21, 262–269 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  95. R.M. Shalaby, Effect of silver and indium addition on mechanical properties and indentation creep behavior of rapidly solidified Bi–Sn based lead-free solder alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 560, 86–95 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  96. H.-W. Miao, J.-G. Duh, B.-S. Chiou, Thermal cycling test in Sn–Bi and Sn–Bi–Cu solder joints. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 11, 609–618 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  97. T. Akamatsu, Y. Yamagishi, K. Imamura, O. Yamaguchi, M. Minamizawa, in Solder Joint Reliability of BGA Package with Sn–Bi System Solder Balls. Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 4587, 2001, pp. 547–552

  98. M. Mostofizadeh, J. Pippola, L. Frisk, Shear strength of eutectic Sn–Bi lead-free solders after corrosion testing and thermal aging. J. Electron. Mater. 43, 1335–1346 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  99. S.-M. Lee, J.-W. Yoon, S.-B. Jung, Board level drop reliability of epoxy-containing Sn–58 mass% Bi solder joints with various surface finishes. Mater. Trans. 57, 466–471 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  100. W.-R. Myung, Y. Kim, S.-B. Jung, Evaluation of the bondability of the epoxy-enhanced Sn–58Bi solder with ENIG and ENEPIG surface finishes. J. Electron. Mater. 44, 4637–4645 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Y.C. Chan, D. Yang, Failure mechanisms of solder interconnects under current stressing in advanced electronic packages. Prog. Mater. Sci. 55, 428–475 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  102. X. Gu, Y.C. Chan, Electromigration in line-type Cu/Sn–Bi/Cu solder joints. J. Electron. Mater. 37, 1721–1726 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Q.L. Yang, J.K. Shang, Interfacial segregation of Bi during current stressing of Sn–Bi/Cu solder interconnect. J. Electron. Mater. 34, 1363–1367 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  104. F. Wang, L. Liu, D. Li, M. Wu, Electromigration behaviors in Sn–58Bi solder joints under different current densities and temperatures. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29, 21157–21169 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  105. D.L. Ma, P. Wu, Effects of coupled stressing and solid-state aging on the mechanical properties of Sn–58Bi–0.7Zn solder joint. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26(8), 6285–6292 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  106. H. He, G. Xu, F. Guo, Effect of small amount of rare earth addition on electromigration in eutectic SnBi solder reaction couple. J. Mater. Sci. 44, 2089–2096 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  107. T.W. Hu, Y. Li, Y.C. Chan, F.S. Wu, Effect of nano Al2O3 particles doping on electromigration and mechanical properties of Sn–58Bi solder joints. Microelectron. Reliab. 55, 1226–1233 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  108. L. Yang, J. Ge, Y. Zhang, J. Dai, Y. Jing, Electromigration reliability for Al2O3-reinforced Cu/Sn–58Bi/Cu composite solder joints. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 3004–3012 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  109. S. Ismathullakhan, H.Y. Lau, Y.C. Chan, Enhanced electromigration reliability via Ag nanoparticles modified eutectic Sn–58Bi solder joint. Microsyst. Technol. 19, 1069–1080 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  110. D.L. Ma, P. Wu, Effects of coupled stressing and solid-state aging on the mechanical properties of graphene nanosheets reinforced Sn–58Bi–0.7Zn solder joint. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 651, 499–506 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  111. G. Xu, F. Guo, X. Wang, Z. Xia, Y. Lei, Y. Shi, X. Li, Retarding the electromigration effects to the eutectic SnBi solder joints by micro-sized Ni-particles reinforcement approach. J. Alloy Compd 509, 878–884 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  112. X. Zhao, M. Saka, M. Muraoka, M. Yamashita, H. Hokazono, Electromigration behaviors and effects of addition elements on the formation of a Bi-rich layer in Sn58Bi-based solders. J. Electron. Mater. 43, 4179–4185 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  113. F. Wang, L. Zhou, Z. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Wang, M. Wu, Effect of Sn–Ag–Cu on the improvement of electromigration behavior in Sn–58Bi solder joint. J. Electron. Mater. 46, 6204–6213 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51875269) and the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant Nos. SJCX18_0760 and KYCX17_1835).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China

    Fengjiang Wang, Hong Chen, Ying Huang, Luting Liu & Zhijie Zhang

Authors
  1. Fengjiang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hong Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ying Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luting Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhijie Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fengjiang Wang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

No.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, F., Chen, H., Huang, Y. et al. Recent progress on the development of Sn–Bi based low-temperature Pb-free solders. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 30, 3222–3243 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-00701-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-00701-w

Search

Navigation