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Effect of pH and annealing temperature on the properties of tin oxide nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method

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Abstract

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized employing simple sol–gel method. Modification in the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles due to various solution pH (6–12) and thermal annealing at 400 °C (Experiment 1) was studied. X-ray diffraction results of the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the precursor solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed the formation of tin oxide tetragonal phase (SnO2-t) and the surface morphology of the SnO2-t nanoparticles studied by scanning electron microscope revealed the formation of spherical shaped agglomerations. Hence, the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the solution pH 8 were annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C in order to study the effect of annealing at various temperatures on the structural, morphological, optical and vibrational properties of tin oxide nanoparticles (Experiment 2). When the annealing temperature was increased to 600 and 800 °C, mixed phases of SnO2-t and tin oxide orthorhombic system (SnO-o) were formed. Various solution pH and annealing temperatures influenced the direct band gap value. SnO2-t phase synthesized from the solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed a direct band gap of ~4.50 eV. The tin oxide samples annealed at various temperatures showed a slight shift in the fluorescence peak observed at ~327 nm. Raman studies of the samples obtained from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 showed a slight shift in the vibrational frequency. I–V studies carried out to investigate the electrical properties of the SnO2 thin film formed by simple drop casting method revealed better ohmic contact and its suitability for gas sensing applications.

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Acknowledgements

One of the authors (MP) sincerely thanks SRM University, Chennai, for the award of SRM research fellowship to carry out the work. The authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. D. John Thiruvadigal, Dean of Science and humanities, Dr. Preferencial Kala, Head, department of Physics and Nanotechnology and SRM University for extending the facilities created under (DST-FIST SR/FST/PSI-155/2010). The authors also thank Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and to Nanotechnology Research Centre, SRM University, for extending the facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM University, 603203, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

    Mohana Priya Subramaniam, Geetha Arunachalam & Ramamurthi Kandasamy

  2. Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8011, Japan

    Pandiyarasan Veluswamy & Ikeda Hiroya

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  1. Mohana Priya Subramaniam
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Correspondence to Geetha Arunachalam.

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Subramaniam, M.P., Arunachalam, G., Kandasamy, R. et al. Effect of pH and annealing temperature on the properties of tin oxide nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29, 658–666 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7959-2

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