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Tailor-made dual doping for morphology control of polyaniline chains in cellulose nanofiber-based flexible electrodes: electrical and electrochemical performance

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Abstract

The present study revealed the effect of combining one strong-inorganic and weak-organic protonic acid dopants on the electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties of flexible free-standing composite electrodes based on polyaniline and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) or its carboxylated analog (CNFC), synthesized using a bottom-up approach. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) served as a low molecular weight inorganic dopant while phytic acid (PhA) and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAAMPSA) were chosen as the organic dopants. Both PhA and PAAMPSA acted as secondary dopants in the dually doped composites through the molecular conformation changes of PANI chains. Synergistic increase in the electrical conductivity is observed for dually doped PANI-NFC with the combination of PAAMPSA and HCl in comparison with PhA and HCl. Unlike the PhA, the morphological changes induced by PAAMPSA are more favorable for the enhancement of conductivity. Neither the morphological changes, nor the carboxylation of NFC affected the electrochemical properties of the composites as the specific capacitance values were influenced mainly by the type and the strength of the individual acids. The capacitance values per gram of the dually doped composite with PAAMPSA and HCl increased with the decrease in the NFC or CNFC loading reaching values above 200 F·g–1 measured at 50 mV·s−1 of composite for the 80 wt% PANI content. These results highlight the profound impacts of the secondary dopant in PANI on the performance of PANI-based nanocellulose composites.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Czech Science Foundation (GAČR No. 21–09830S) for the financial support. We thank also European Regional Development Fund-Project (ORGBAT) No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_025/0007445 for the financial support of Dr. Mazúr. The authors would like to thank also the Specific University Research (A2_FCHI_2022_007).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic

    Tereza Bautkinová, Petr Mazúr, Gabriela Soukupová, Marcela Dendisová, Dušan Kopecký & Fatima Hassouna

  2. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 180 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic

    Jan Prokeš

  3. Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01, Zlín, Czech Republic

    Marek Jurča

  4. Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic

    Miloslav Lhotka

  5. Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Pavel Ulbrich

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  1. Tereza Bautkinová
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  2. Petr Mazúr
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Correspondence to Fatima Hassouna.

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Bautkinová, T., Mazúr, P., Soukupová, G. et al. Tailor-made dual doping for morphology control of polyaniline chains in cellulose nanofiber-based flexible electrodes: electrical and electrochemical performance. J Mater Sci 57, 13945–13961 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07491-3

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