Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

On the grain boundary network characteristics in a dual phase steel

  • Metals & corrosion
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relative areas of interfaces in dual-phase steel containing an equal fraction of ferrite and martensite have been measured and classified according to five crystallographic interface parameters. When the martensite–martensite (M–M), ferrite–ferrite (F–F), and ferrite–martensite (F–M) interfaces were analysed separately, it was apparent that the distribution in each category was determined by the dominant phase transformation mechanism (diffusional vs displacive) upon the formation of a given phase (ferrite vs martensite). The misorientation angle distribution of the M–M interfaces showed a bimodal distribution, with one mode in the range of 5°–22° and the second mode in the range of 45° to 60°, with a significant peak at ~ 60°. The F–F interfaces were spread across all misorientation angles, revealing two broad peaks at ~ 13° and ~ 60°. The F–M interfaces displayed a mixed character inherited from both martensite and ferrite interfaces. The grain boundary plane distribution was also anisotropic. For example, the relative area of M–M interfaces terminated on {110} planes was greater than two multiples of a random distribution (MRD). The 60°/[111] misorientation revealed symmetrical tilt {112} boundary planes for the F–F interfaces with a relative area > 40 MRD, which correspond well with the low energy configuration, whereas the most common M–M interfaces were symmetrical tilt {110} boundaries with a relative area > 20 MRD, that result from the crystallographic constraint associated with the displacive transformation. For the case of F–M interfaces, the 60°/[111] misorientation exhibited multiple peaks spread along the zone of tilt boundaries, inherited from both diffusional ferrite and displacive martensite phase transformations.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Azuma M, Goutianos S, Hansen N, Winther G, Huang X (2012) Effect of hardness of martensite and ferrite on void formation in dual phase steel. Mater Sci Technol 28(9–10):1092–1100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Calcagnotto M, Adachi Y, Ponge D, Raabe D (2011) Deformation and fracture mechanisms in fine- and ultrafine-grained ferrite/martensite dual-phase steels and the effect of aging. Acta Mater 59(2):658–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sirinakorn T, Wongwises S, Uthaisangsuk V (2014) A study of local deformation and damage of dual phase steel. Mater Des 64:729–742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kadkhodapour J, Butz A, ZiaeiRad S (2011) Mechanisms of void formation during tensile testing in a commercial, dual-phase steel. Acta Mater 59(7):2575–2588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Avramovic-Cingara G, Ososkov Y, Jain MK, Wilkinson DS (2009) Effect of martensite distribution on damage behaviour in DP600 dual phase steels. Mater Sci Eng, A 516(1):7–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Steinbrunner DL, Matlock DK, Krauss G (1988) Void formation during tensile testing of dual phase steels. Metall Trans A 19(3):579–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Park K, Nishiyama M, Nakada N, Tsuchiyama T, Takaki S (2014) Effect of the martensite distribution on the strain hardening and ductile fracture behaviors in dual-phase steel. Mater Sci Eng A 604:135–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Landron C, Bouaziz O, Maire E, Adrien J (2010) Characterization and modeling of void nucleation by interface decohesion in dual phase steels. Scripta Mater 63(10):973–976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim C-S, Rollett AD, Rohrer GS (2006) Grain boundary planes: New dimensions in the grain boundary character distribution. Scripta Mater 54(6):1005–1009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Beladi H, Rohrer GS, Rollett AD, Tari V, Hodgson PD (2014) The distribution of intervariant crystallographic planes in a lath martensite using five macroscopic parameters. Acta Mater 63:86–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Beladi H, Rohrer GS (2013) The relative grain boundary area and energy distributions in a ferritic steel determined from three-dimensional electron backscatter diffraction maps. Acta Mater 61(4):1404–1412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Beladi H, Nuhfer NT, Rohrer GS (2014) The five-parameter grain boundary character and energy distributions of a fully austenitic high-manganese steel using three dimensional data. Acta Mater 70:281–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kelly PM, Jostsons A, Blake RG (1990) The orientation relationship between lath martensite and austenite in low carbon, low alloy steels. Acta Metall Mater 38(6):1075–1081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Beladi H, Tari V, Timokhina IB, Cizek P, Rohrer GS, Rollett AD, Hodgson PD (2017) On the crystallographic characteristics of nanobainitic steel. Acta Mater 127:426–437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhong X, Rowenhorst DJ, Beladi H, Rohrer GS (2017) The five-parameter grain boundary curvature distribution in an austenitic and ferritic steel. Acta Mater 123:136–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Haghdadi N, Cizek P, Hodgson PD, Beladi H (2019) Microstructure dependence of impact toughness in duplex stainless steels. Mater Sci Eng, A 745:369–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bikmukhametov I, Beladi H, Wang J, Hodgson PD, Timokhina I (2019) The effect of strain on interphase precipitation characteristics in a Ti-Mo steel. Acta Mater 170:75–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Saylor DM, El-Dasher BS, Adams BL, Rohrer GS (2004) Measuring the five-parameter grain-boundary distribution from observations of planar sections. Metall and Mater Trans A 35(7):1981–1989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Miyamoto G, Iwata N, Takayama N, Furuhara T (2012) Quantitative analysis of variant selection in ausformed lath martensite. Acta Mater 60(3):1139–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Flower HM, Lindley TC (2000) Electron backscattering diffraction study of acicular ferrite, bainite, and martensite steel microstructures. Mater Sci Technol 16(1):26–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Beladi H, Rohrer GS (2016) The Role of Thermomechanical Routes on the Distribution of Grain Boundary and Interface Plane Orientations in Transformed Microstructures. Metall and Mater Trans A 48(6):2781–2790

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Deakin University's Advanced Characterization Facility is acknowledged for use of the EBSD instruments. The authors are grateful to Tata steel Limited, India, and Deakin University, Australia, for funding this research work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia

    Prashant Pathak, Ilana Timokhina & Hossein Beladi

  2. Research and Development Division, Tata Steel Ltd., Jamshedpur, 831007, India

    Prashant Pathak & Subrata Mukherjee

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-3890, USA

    Gregory S. Rohrer

Authors
  1. Prashant Pathak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ilana Timokhina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Subrata Mukherjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gregory S. Rohrer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hossein Beladi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Beladi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Avinash Dongare.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pathak, P., Timokhina, I., Mukherjee, S. et al. On the grain boundary network characteristics in a dual phase steel. J Mater Sci 56, 19674–19686 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06541-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06541-6

Search

Navigation